Anatomy & Physiology Midterm (Ms Kiest)

does't include info about surface anatomy

Anatomy

Study of structures/relationship among structures

Physiology

study of function

Examples how structure relates directly to function

Pokey bits on neurons to send & receive msgs/Red blood cells small & round to move in small tubes

Homologous

Same structure, different function

Analagous

Different structure, same function

Levels of Organization in the body

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chemical

atoms & molecules essential to life

Tissue

cells of similar types combine to form tissues

4 main tissue types?

Muscle, Nervous, Connective, Epithelial

Organ

different tissues combine to form organs with specific functions

System

related organs with a common function

Organism

All the systems combine to make complete living organism

Homeostasis

maintenance of balanced internal environment via nervous & endocrine systems using positive & negative feedback

Metabolism

all biochemical reactions providing energy for the organism

Positive Feedback

enhances original stimulus

Negative Feedback

reverses original stimulus

Bilateral Symmetry

equal Rt & Lt of midline

Radial Symmetry

divide around central axis like a pie

Body Divisions

Head / Trunk

Parts of Trunk

Thorax
Abdomen } Abdominopelvic region
Pelvis

Body Cavities

confined spaces within body. Some contain specific organs.

Cranial Cavity

Brain

Oral

Mouth

Nasal

Nose

Thoracic

Chest

Pericardial

Heart

Pleural

Lungs

Abdominopelvic

lined by peritoneum membrane. Contains guts

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Dorsal

Ventral

Superficial

Deep

Longitudinal section (midline)

lengthwise-Parallel to midline

Frontal section

front/back

Sagittal section

side to side-same as longitudinal

Transverse/Cross section

perpendicular to midline

Oblique section

at an angle to midline

Parts are named based on...

figure facing you

9 regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

4 Quadrants

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
(right upper quadrant/left lower quadrant)

Radiograph (x-ray)

uses x-rays to image internal body structures

CT (computed tomography) Scan

They x-ray beam moves in an arc around body for more accuracy

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

uses radio-waves & magnetism to make 3-D images of cellular chemistry, can see soft tissue like a tumor

Ultrasound

Sound waves transmit images to video monitor

Echocardiogram (ECG)

Sound waves used specifically to image heart

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Monitors electrical changes of cardiac cycle

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

monitors brain waves (masses of neurons firing at some time)

SI units

Metric System

Volume units

Liters

Mass units

Grams

Length units

Meters

Biochemistry = Chemistry of Life

branch of science concerned with the chemical & physiochemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms

Water

H2O

How much water in body

60% of human body is water

Importance of water

Polar molecule, water likes itself, homeostasis, moisture

Polar molecule

universal solvent, good at dissolving stuff

Moisture

needed for diffusion & osmosis

Homeostasis from water

helps balance internal environments & provides stable place for chemical reactions

pH scale

know how to draw

Buffer

used to neutralize acids & bases

H + OH. (hydrogen ions=acid, hydroxide ion=base)

combine them and get H2O

Water on pH scale

7

Living things are based around the element...

carbon

Carbohydrates

C+H+O

Simplest carbohydrates are sugars like...

glucose

Glucose formula

C6 H12 O6

Polysaccharide

Long chain of sugars

Glycogen

storage form of glucose

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver

What happens if your body needs glucose

glycogen will be hydrolyzed to release sugar into blood stream from liver

Starch

plant storage form of glucose

Cellulose

sugar that is what plant cell walls made of, insoluble

Insoluble

hard to breakdown

Lipids

C+H+O (less O than carbohydrates)
Fats, oils & waxes
insoluble

Fats

store more energy than carbohydrates

Saturated Fats

Animal Fats
Solid at Room Temp
Completely covered by H
Hard to break down

Unsaturated Fats

Plant Fats
Liquid at room temp
Not completely covered by H
Easier to break down

Phospholipids

Fats + phosphate
Cell membrane structure

Proteins

long chain of amino acids

enzymes

catalytic protein

Nucleic acids

RNA & DNA, Genetic material

nucleotides subunits in nucleic acids

Phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base

5 nitrogen bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

ATP

Energy Molecule

Cells

Building Blocks of Life

Cytology

Study of cells

Cell membrane

selectively permeable

selectively permeable

only allows certain substances to pass

Intercellular

between cells

intracellular

within cells

extracellular

outside of cell

Passive transport

no energy required

diffusion

substances move from an area of high concentration to low

osmosis

diffusion of water

active transport

requires energy (ATP)

Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

know how to draw

passive transport examples

diffusion/osmosis

active transports examples

endocytosis/exocytosis