Unit 2 (Bio 200)

BIO-200

Five tenants of natural selection

overproduction, variation, competition for resources, adaptive advantages, and reproduction

adaptive advantages

favorable traits

Natural selection

enhances survival and reproduction

What can human activity do to evolution

it can alter it

Overproduction

organisms produce more offspring than can survive

variation in the population

different genes within the population

competition for resources

increasing the population makes competition more

reproduction for those who survive

reproduce offspring

evolution

change in allele frequency over time

natural selection

favored traits are reproduced

mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

genetic drift

a change in the gene pool due to chance

four mechanisms of evolution

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

Belief

something that hasn't been proven yet

Acceptance

acceptance of data that has already been proven

natural example with acorns

Sunlight is a big determination for what acorns can do, it determines which ones will be able to grow out and which ones will not, it also shows that since its overpopulated there is less room to thrive.

properties of life

life replicates itself, undergoes changes, requires energy, 3 dimensional space big enough to carry cargo

4 major macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

RNA world hypothesis

RNA served as genetic info of early life

Direct evolution

isolates new molecules that polymerize RNA faster

How did millar separate products

Thin layer chromatography

What wer ethe results from teh thin layer chromatography

Aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, butyric acid

Name the diff structures

The outside circles are the hydrophilic heads

The inside is the lumen of vesicle

Outside is the aqueous solution

The strings inside of hydrophobic tails

DNA/RNA make

make proteins

RNA polymerase

adds more mRNA

What is the RNA primer

CCCCC

Identify the different parts of the ribozyme

Green→bases not mutated

Black→minor to no change

Pink→conserved in all 25

If a ribozyme had 25 different layers and 20% of the layers are mutated. What is the number used to show the chances of getting a non mutated sequence.

it would be 0.8 to the power of 25 since the other 80% are non mutated as there are 25 strands that means it would be 0.8 ^ 25

Acceptance

acceptance of data that has already been proven

Identify the 2 parts in the myristoleate fatty acid

The blue is hydrophilic

The red is hydrophobic

Single layer of lipids is called

micelle

phospho lipid bilayerhollow is called

vesicle

What is a ribozyme

Catalyze chemical reactions

Identify the 4 lines

Yellow-montromorillonite

Blue- ceramic microspheres, negative charge

Purple- ceramic microspheres, no charge

Green-buffer zone

What does the clay concentrations effect graph measure?

Measure of vesicle information

genetic drift

a change in the gene pool due to chance

What does this vesicle graph tell us

it tells us that over time the vesicle is growing in diameter

Nonstressed vesicle

normal vesicle, self-organized

Stressed vesicle

Vesicle with sugar inside, draws in water

How are nucleotides and lipids made

abiotically

Abiotic RNA genome can?

replicate

Abiotic RNA can

catalyze vesicle information

Abiotic vesicles functions are being able to

compete and grow

Big vesicles can

divide and reproduce

RNA contenct can

spill into the environment

What can RNA catalyze

vesicle information

Natrual selection for RNAs

replicate faster

What does this graph prove

Dividing cells cut surface area in half, but cannot contain all their volume

Which graph is which

A) Non-stressed + non-stressed

B) Non-stressed + stressed

C) Stressed + Stressed

D) Stressed + Non stressed

What is inside a vesicle

RNA/Clay

give why these are an example of the 5 tenants

-Overpopulation - 1st and second one are showing growth and surviving

-Variance- stressed and non stressed

-Competition for resources- vesicles to graph onto the sucrose

-Adaptive advantage- some vesicles have a faster way in taking a sucrose

-Reproduce- (3rd graph) shows that the successful ones get to reproduce

What is happening here

A) New lipids fuse with the outer layer

B) New lipids flip to the other side

C) Inside head sometimes brings a H+ atom with them

D) New charges diffuse inside the vesicle

What is this type of graph and explain

It is a dynamic graph. As time goes up ph gradually goes down

When the pH is basic

there is not alot of protons

when it is acidic

lots of protons/ more hydrogens

3 domains of life

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote

Point mutation

change in a single nucleotide

primary response

First exposure to an antigen

secondary response

second exposure to an antigen

What does the primary response look

like?

It gradually increases over time

What is the secondary response like?

It already starts at a higher concentration and grows faster but over time it decreases while primary does not.

What do B cells produce

Antibodies

B cells reproduces how?

mitosis

What is a memory B cell

able to reproduce a particular antibody

What type of membrane do bacteria have

membrane with their own genetic material in it

Bacteria with internal membranes

surrounds genetic material connected to outer membrane

What does the fuse genomes model make up

A ring

Where does the nucleus come from

archea

The future genomes model consists of?

Bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea

What is A, B, and C

Inversion, Deletion, and Duplication

What is this graph showing us

Primary response is relatively slow in antibody production since it is the first to get exposed to it. Secondary response is the next time it was exposed as it shows it starts at a higher concentration than the others.

When the antigen in the B cell combine…

It produces antibodies

How do B cells replicate

Mitosis (creates the primary response)

The memory B cells is

makes it able to reproduce that certain antibody

With second exposure

memory B cells divide and produce antibodies

What is the difference between the primary and secondary response

The primary response shows that they are identical no variation. Secondary response shows variation and difference in affinities.

Belief

something that hasn't been proven yet

natural example with acorns

Sunlight is a big determination for what acorns can do, it determines which ones will be able to grow out and which ones will not, it also shows that since its overpopulated there is less room to thrive.

What is this graph and how does it prove the RNA life hypothesis

RNA life hypothesis says that all life was constructed from RNA at one point in its life. It shows that the RNA in the gPu dinucleotide that it can replicate the best under certain conditions.

What does fresh dna look like

pearls on a string

What type of DNA beads are there

singletons, doubles, triples, and quadruples

DNA has how much bp

200

What are the pros and cons of DNA being coiled

Pros: saves space, keeps it contained
cons: accessing it

Mitochondria and chloroplasts characteristics

double membrane and own genome

Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria produce extra membranes inside

Surface area is bigger/all the membrane is doing something

From this graph is mitochondria more related to alpha bacteria or e coli

More related to alpha proteobacteria than coli since it is on the same side.

What is the first, second, and third levels of bootstrap values

first 88
second 98
third 100

Advantages of multicellular organisms

Reproductive benefits, dont get eaten, cellular specification, division or labor

Evolutionary trees go by 2 since

Mitosis

What does this graph tell us about reproductive cells

Disruptive colonies start out at a lower log volume but tend to grow the slowest. Intact colonies start lower than isolated reproductive cells but ten to eventually grow the most.

What does this graph prove

It shows variance in the log body volume

What does this graph prove

Colonial volvox proves that small colonies grow faster

Colonial volvox species are bigger than unicellular volvox species. It has more frequency at a wider range of log volumes.

two human evolution hypothesis

1) 5 distinct human races evolved separately
2) Out-of-africa: humans evolved once in Africa and migrated about 100,000 years ago

human evolutionary tree has how many genomes

53 human mitochondrial genomes

What does the 0.0005 mean

How different each sequence is

Migration of africa is what tenat of evolution?

Gene flow

How should a Venn diagram look showing the diversity of 4 races

It should be close circles combined together

What are the primary 4 levels of protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

What are some characteristics of hydrophobic amino acids

it is a side group, lots of carbon,