Studied by 21 people
Five tenants of natural selection
overproduction, variation, competition for resources, adaptive advantages, and reproduction
adaptive advantages
favorable traits
Natural selection
enhances survival and reproduction
What can human activity do to evolution
it can alter it
Overproduction
organisms produce more offspring than can survive
variation in the population
different genes within the population
competition for resources
increasing the population makes competition more
reproduction for those who survive
reproduce offspring
evolution
change in allele frequency over time
natural selection
favored traits are reproduced
mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
genetic drift
a change in the gene pool due to chance
four mechanisms of evolution
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
Belief
something that hasn't been proven yet
Acceptance
acceptance of data that has already been proven
natural example with acorns
Sunlight is a big determination for what acorns can do, it determines which ones will be able to grow out and which ones will not, it also shows that since its overpopulated there is less room to thrive.
properties of life
life replicates itself, undergoes changes, requires energy, 3 dimensional space big enough to carry cargo
4 major macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
RNA world hypothesis
RNA served as genetic info of early life
Direct evolution
isolates new molecules that polymerize RNA faster
How did millar separate products
Thin layer chromatography
What wer ethe results from teh thin layer chromatography
Aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, butyric acid
Name the diff structures
The outside circles are the hydrophilic heads
The inside is the lumen of vesicle
Outside is the aqueous solution
The strings inside of hydrophobic tails
DNA/RNA make
make proteins
RNA polymerase
adds more mRNA
What is the RNA primer
CCCCC
Identify the different parts of the ribozyme
Green→bases not mutated
Black→minor to no change
Pink→conserved in all 25
If a ribozyme had 25 different layers and 20% of the layers are mutated. What is the number used to show the chances of getting a non mutated sequence.
it would be 0.8 to the power of 25 since the other 80% are non mutated as there are 25 strands that means it would be 0.8 ^ 25
Acceptance
acceptance of data that has already been proven
Identify the 2 parts in the myristoleate fatty acid
The blue is hydrophilic
The red is hydrophobic
Single layer of lipids is called
micelle
phospho lipid bilayerhollow is called
vesicle
What is a ribozyme
Catalyze chemical reactions
Identify the 4 lines
Yellow-montromorillonite
Blue- ceramic microspheres, negative charge
Purple- ceramic microspheres, no charge
Green-buffer zone
What does the clay concentrations effect graph measure?
Measure of vesicle information
genetic drift
a change in the gene pool due to chance
What does this vesicle graph tell us
it tells us that over time the vesicle is growing in diameter
Nonstressed vesicle
normal vesicle, self-organized
Stressed vesicle
Vesicle with sugar inside, draws in water
How are nucleotides and lipids made
abiotically
Abiotic RNA genome can?
replicate
Abiotic RNA can
catalyze vesicle information
Abiotic vesicles functions are being able to
compete and grow
Big vesicles can
divide and reproduce
RNA contenct can
spill into the environment
What can RNA catalyze
vesicle information
Natrual selection for RNAs
replicate faster
What does this graph prove
Dividing cells cut surface area in half, but cannot contain all their volume
Which graph is which
A) Non-stressed + non-stressed
B) Non-stressed + stressed
C) Stressed + Stressed
D) Stressed + Non stressed
What is inside a vesicle
RNA/Clay
give why these are an example of the 5 tenants
-Overpopulation - 1st and second one are showing growth and surviving
-Variance- stressed and non stressed
-Competition for resources- vesicles to graph onto the sucrose
-Adaptive advantage- some vesicles have a faster way in taking a sucrose
-Reproduce- (3rd graph) shows that the successful ones get to reproduce
What is happening here
A) New lipids fuse with the outer layer
B) New lipids flip to the other side
C) Inside head sometimes brings a H+ atom with them
D) New charges diffuse inside the vesicle
What is this type of graph and explain
It is a dynamic graph. As time goes up ph gradually goes down
When the pH is basic
there is not alot of protons
when it is acidic
lots of protons/ more hydrogens
3 domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote
Point mutation
change in a single nucleotide
primary response
First exposure to an antigen
secondary response
second exposure to an antigen
What does the primary response look
like?
It gradually increases over time
What is the secondary response like?
It already starts at a higher concentration and grows faster but over time it decreases while primary does not.
What do B cells produce
Antibodies
B cells reproduces how?
mitosis
What is a memory B cell
able to reproduce a particular antibody
What type of membrane do bacteria have
membrane with their own genetic material in it
Bacteria with internal membranes
surrounds genetic material connected to outer membrane
What does the fuse genomes model make up
A ring
Where does the nucleus come from
archea
The future genomes model consists of?
Bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea
What is A, B, and C
Inversion, Deletion, and Duplication
What is this graph showing us
Primary response is relatively slow in antibody production since it is the first to get exposed to it. Secondary response is the next time it was exposed as it shows it starts at a higher concentration than the others.
When the antigen in the B cell combine…
It produces antibodies
How do B cells replicate
Mitosis (creates the primary response)
The memory B cells is
makes it able to reproduce that certain antibody
With second exposure
memory B cells divide and produce antibodies
What is the difference between the primary and secondary response
The primary response shows that they are identical no variation. Secondary response shows variation and difference in affinities.
Belief
something that hasn't been proven yet
natural example with acorns
Sunlight is a big determination for what acorns can do, it determines which ones will be able to grow out and which ones will not, it also shows that since its overpopulated there is less room to thrive.
What is this graph and how does it prove the RNA life hypothesis
RNA life hypothesis says that all life was constructed from RNA at one point in its life. It shows that the RNA in the gPu dinucleotide that it can replicate the best under certain conditions.
What does fresh dna look like
pearls on a string
What type of DNA beads are there
singletons, doubles, triples, and quadruples
DNA has how much bp
200
What are the pros and cons of DNA being coiled
Pros: saves space, keeps it contained
cons: accessing it
Mitochondria and chloroplasts characteristics
double membrane and own genome
Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria produce extra membranes inside
Surface area is bigger/all the membrane is doing something
From this graph is mitochondria more related to alpha bacteria or e coli
More related to alpha proteobacteria than coli since it is on the same side.
What is the first, second, and third levels of bootstrap values
first 88
second 98
third 100
Advantages of multicellular organisms
Reproductive benefits, dont get eaten, cellular specification, division or labor
Evolutionary trees go by 2 since
Mitosis
What does this graph tell us about reproductive cells
Disruptive colonies start out at a lower log volume but tend to grow the slowest. Intact colonies start lower than isolated reproductive cells but ten to eventually grow the most.
What does this graph prove
It shows variance in the log body volume
What does this graph prove
Colonial volvox proves that small colonies grow faster
Colonial volvox species are bigger than unicellular volvox species. It has more frequency at a wider range of log volumes.
two human evolution hypothesis
1) 5 distinct human races evolved separately
2) Out-of-africa: humans evolved once in Africa and migrated about 100,000 years ago
human evolutionary tree has how many genomes
53 human mitochondrial genomes
What does the 0.0005 mean
How different each sequence is
Migration of africa is what tenat of evolution?
Gene flow
How should a Venn diagram look showing the diversity of 4 races
It should be close circles combined together
What are the primary 4 levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What are some characteristics of hydrophobic amino acids
it is a side group, lots of carbon,
Note 
Flashcard (249)