Bio exam

what is the enzyme that breaks down protein

pepsin and trypsion

what is the enzyme that breaks down carbohyrdates

amylase

what is the enzyme that breaks down lipds

bile

list 3 enzymes and their substances

lactase-lactose

protease - protein

lipase - lipids

independent variable is

what changes/manipulated

dependent variable is

what is measered

constants is

things that stay the same

control group

baseline (starting group)

what is a hypothesis statement

if … then … beucase

what does a graph needs

title

independent and dependent label

why do we use a scatterplot for data

\# vs. #

hydroplysis means

using water to break a substance down - digestion

dehydration means

removing water to create a bond-building muscles

carbohydrate types

simple sugar

complex sugar

carbohydrate simple sugar roles

quick energy

carbohydrate complex sugar roles

longer term energy

carbohydrate simple sugar example

sugar, candy, cake

carbohydrate complex sugar example

pasta, rice, potato

carbohydrate identification simple sugar

bendictus

what color does carbohydrate identification simple sugar turn

b → ROYG

carbohydrate identification complex sugar

lodine

what color carbohydrate identification complex sugar turn

amber to purple

lipids tpes

saturated fat

unsaturated fat

lipids roles

insulation

energy

storage

cell

membrane

lipids example

butter

oil

grease

lipid identification

brown paper

what color does lipid identification turn

transparent

protein type

amino acid

protein roles

RBC

WBC

enzymes

hair

muscles

protein examples

chicken

tofu

peanut butter

protein identification

biurets

what color protein identification turn

blue-purple

nucleic acid types

nucleotides

nucleic acid roles

controls

cell

processes

(energy)

nucleic acid example

DNA

RNA

(ATP)

nucleic acid identification

none

how do you now you have diabetes

sugar in urine/pale urine

how do you now you have kidney malfunction

protein in urine/reddish urine

how do you now you have urinary tract infection

high ph/cloudy urine

prokaryotes have a nucleus or don’t have nucleus

don’t have nucleus

eukaryotes have a nucleus or don’t have nucleus

have a nucleus

What are the 3 parts of cell theory

* all cells come from pre-existing cells
* Cells are the basic unit of life
* all organisms are composed of one or more cells

what evidence is used to support endosymbiotic theory

* Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplast all have double membranes
* similar ribosomes
* similar size
* circular DNA

what are found only in plant cells

cell wall and vacuole

what organelles are present in prokaryotic cells

ribosome, cytoplasm, cell wall

diffusion meaning

general spreading out of molecules from high to low concentration

osmosis meaning

movement of water

facliltated diffusion meaning

diffusion of molecules through a transport/integral protein

active transport meaning

movement of molecules from low to high concentration needs energy

passive transport meaning

movement of molecules from high to low concentration - no energy needed

endocytosis meaning

movement of large molecules inside of the cell

exocytosis meaning

movement of large molecules outside of the cell

concentration gradient meaning

unequal distribution of solutes

hypertonic meaning

water leaving cell

isotonic meaning

water enters and exits equally

hypotonic meaning

cytolysis

hypertonic meaning in plants

plasmolysis

isotonic plant meaning

water enters and exits equally

hypotonic meaning in plants

turgor / turgid

function of the cell membrance

controls entry and exit to cell - maintains homostaisis

function of the serotonin

regulates mood and impulsivity

function dopamine

reward, movement pleasure

function endorphins

pain relief and reward

function epinephrine

arousal and alertness

function platelets

forms clots (scabs)

function WBC (white blood cell)

fights off infections

function RBC (red blood cell)

transports oxygen / nutrients in body

function plasma

liquid component - suspends other component

how do you know if you have sickle cell anemia

abnormally shaped RBC (red blood cells)

how do you know if you have heart disease

blockage in coronary arteries

how do you know if you have myocardial infarction

heart attack

how do you know if you have hemophilia

insufficient platelets to form clots

how do you know if you have leukemia

healthy white blood cell’s

how do you know if you have bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

how do you know if you have asthma

bronchial spams - air trapped in alveoli

how do you know if you have emphysema

alveoli are destroyed

how do you know if you have laryngitis

swelling/inflammation of larynx

how do you know if you have pneumonia

infection of the lungs

equation photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O -light→ 6CO2 + C6H12O6

photosynthesis where does it happen

chloroplast

equation for repiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

repiration where does it happen

mitochondria

explain how photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent

the reactants for oru are the products of the other

function xylem

transports water up

function phloem

transports sugar down

transports in plants to trasnport in animals what are they

xylem/phloem (plants) vs. arteries/vein (animals)

path of water in a plant

root hair → lateral root → primary root → stem (xylem) → leaves (veins) → stomata

function roots

anchors, absorbs water and minerals

function stem

connects leaves to roots

function leaves

absorbs sunlight - conducts photosynthesis

root example

carrot / beet

stems example

celery / asparagus

leaves example

spinach / basil

tundra roots

shallow on top of permafrost

tundra leaves

thin-needle-like few stomata

tundra stem

none

taiga roots

deep to support tall trees

taiga stems

thick to prevent water loss

taiga leaves

thin - needle - like few stomata and ever green

rainforest roots

buttness to support in poor soil