Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry

The branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Scientific methods

Systematic approaches used by scientists to investigate and understand natural phenomena.

Scientific research

The process of conducting experiments and gathering data to expand knowledge and understanding in a specific field.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Ozone

A chemical in Earth's atmosphere that absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Chemical compounds that were once widely used in various products but have been found to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Composition

The makeup or combination of different substances in a material.

Ultraviolet radiation

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, which can be harmful to living organisms.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding a planet, in this case, Earth.1. Earth's atmosphere:The layers of gases surrounding the Earth, consisting of the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Troposphere

The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs and where humans breathe.

Stratosphere

The layer above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer and extending from about 15 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.

Ozone

A molecule composed of three oxygen atoms (O3) that is located in the stratosphere and protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Ozone formation

The process by which ozone is created in the stratosphere through the interaction of oxygen gas and ultraviolet radiation.

G.M.B

A scientist who measured and studied the levels of stratospheric ozone in the atmosphere, providing a basis for comparison with recent measurements.

Ozone hole

The term used to describe the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere, although it is not actually a hole but a reduction in ozone concentration.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chemicals consisting of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon that were used as coolants in refrigerators and air-conditioning units, and as propellants in spray cans.1. Chemistry:The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes.

Matter

The stuff of the universe, which can exist in various forms.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Weight

The force exerted on an object due to gravity.

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons, invisible gases that were used in refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans, and plastic foam products.

Ozone

A chemical that occurs naturally in the environment and plays a crucial role in protecting the Earth's atmosphere.

Ozone layer

The protective layer of ozone in the atmosphere that helps shield the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Stratosphere

The layer of the Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, where the ozone layer is located.

Submicroscopic

Referring to the level of particles and atoms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Equator

The imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, where ozone is formed due to the interaction of sunlight and oxygen molecules.1. Matter:Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Mass

A measurement that reflects the amount of matter.

Air

A form of matter that is not visible but can be felt and occupies space.

Weight

A measure of the amount of matter and the effect of Earth's gravitational pull on that matter.

Gravitational force

The force exerted by Earth's gravity on an object.

Scientists

Individuals who study and conduct research in various fields of science.

Structure

The arrangement and organization of parts within an object or system.

Stability

The ability of an object or system to maintain its position or resist changes.

Function

The purpose or role that an object or system serves.

Carbon

A chemical element that can exist in various forms, such as diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene.

Buckminsterfullerene

A form of carbon consisting of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a soccer ball-like structure.

Model

A representation or simulation of an object, system, or concept used to study and understand it.

Diagram

A visual representation that illustrates the structure or components of something.

Photograph

A visual image captured using a camera that depicts a real-life scene or object.

Colored particles

Representations of different elements or substances used in models to depict their presence or interactions.1. Matter:Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Submicroscopic

Too small to be seen with an optical microscope.

Atoms

The smallest particles of an element that retain the chemical properties of that element.

Chemistry

The study of the structure, composition, and behavior of matter.

Organic chemistry

The branch of chemistry that focuses on carbon-containing chemicals.

Inorganic chemistry

The branch of chemistry that deals with matter that does not contain carbon.

Physical chemistry

The branch of chemistry that studies the behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes.

Analytical chemistry

The branch of chemistry that focuses on the components and composition of substances.

Biochemistry

The branch of chemistry that studies the matter and processes of living organisms.

Qualitative data

Information that describes physical characteristics such as color, odor, shape, etc.

Quantitative data

Information that is numerical or can be measured.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation or prediction based on observations and prior knowledge.

Experiment

A controlled procedure carried out to test a hypothesis.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

Control

The standard or baseline condition used for comparison in an experiment.

Conclusion

A summary of the results and findings of an experiment.

Model

A visual representation or explanation of a submicroscopic event.

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence.

Scientific law

A statement that describes a natural phenomenon or relationship that has been repeatedly observed and confirmed.1. Quantitative data:Numerical information that tells you how much, how little, how big, how tall, or how fast something is.

Qualitative data

Descriptive information that describes the qualities or characteristics of something.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for what has been observed.

Experiment

A set of controlled observations that test a hypothesis.

Variable

A quantity or condition that can have more than one value.

Independent variable

The variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that changes in response to a change in the independent variable.

Constant

A factor that is not allowed to change during an experiment.

Data analysis

The careful and systematic examination of data to draw conclusions.

Conclusion

A judgment based on the information obtained from the data analysis.1. Hypothesis:A tentative idea that may be true, supported by data but subject to further evidence.

Model

A visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation of experimental data that can be tested and used to make predictions.

Theory

An explanation that has been supported by many experiments and states a broad principle of nature.

Scientific law

A relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments and has no exceptions.

Scientific method

A systematic approach to scientific inquiry that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment and is affected by the independent variable.

Control

A standard or baseline condition that is used for comparison in an experiment.

Strengths of Molina and Rowland's hypothesis

Supported by data, predicted the formation of chlorine and depletion of ozone.

Weaknesses of Molina and Rowland's hypothesis

Did not identify the source of chlorine, required further measurements in the stratosphere for support.

Conclusion

A statement that is supported by data and evidence.

Importance of measurements in the stratosphere for Molina and Rowland's data

To validate their hypothesis and provide real-world evidence.

Applied research

Research undertaken to solve a specific problem.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Qualitative data

Data that describes qualities or characteristics.

Quantitative data

Data that can be measured or expressed numerically.

Laboratory safety

Knowledge and practices to ensure safety in a laboratory setting.

Chance discoveries

Discoveries made unexpectedly or unintentionally.

Nylon

A synthetic material developed as a replacement for silk.

Hypotheses

Proposed explanations or predictions based on observations.

Data analysis

The process of examining and interpreting data to draw conclusions.

Observations

Information gathered through the senses or instruments.

Inferences

Explanations or interpretations of observations.

Lipids

A class of chemicals that includes oil, fat, and grease.1. Safety goggles:Protective eyewear worn in the laboratory to protect the eyes from chemical splashes or flying debris.

Laboratory apron

Protective garment worn in the laboratory to protect clothing from spills or splashes.

Safety symbols

Symbols used to indicate potential hazards or safety precautions in the laboratory.

Contact lenses

Corrective lenses worn on the eyes that should not be worn in the laboratory due to the risk of absorbing vapors and difficulty in removing them in case of an emergency.

Fire extinguisher

Device used to extinguish small fires in the laboratory.

Safety shower

Emergency shower used to rinse off chemicals or substances that come into contact with the body.

Fire blanket

Fire-resistant blanket used to smother small fires or wrap around a person whose clothing is on fire.

First-aid kit

Kit containing basic medical supplies used to provide initial treatment for injuries or accidents.

Reagent bottles

Containers used to store chemicals in the laboratory.