Principles of Health Science Final

cerebrovascular accident (stroke) 

caused by an obstruction of blood flow to the brain or a hemorrhage

synapse

a space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons

medulla oblongata

the part of the brain that regulates heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure 

Meningitis is treated with…

antibiotics

Neurons contain several axons to carry messages to the cell body (T/F)

false; neurons have only one axon

afferent nerves

sensory nerves that carry messages from all parts of the body TO the brain and spinal cord

midbrain

the part of the brain responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes

the somatic nervous system consists of 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves (T/F)

false; the SNS has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

neuron

the basic structural unit of the nervous system

spinal nerves are mixed nerves containing both afferent and efferent

true

cerebellum

the part of the brain responsible for muscle coordination, balance and posture, and muscle tone

Paraplegia is paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury, or CVA (T/F)

false; paraplegia is paralysis of lower extremities from spinal cord injury

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to maintain a balanced state called…

homeostasis

the pons is responsible for reflex actions including chewing, tasting, and saliva production (T/F)

true

the innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord is the arachnoid membrane (T/F)

false; the innermost membrane is called pia mater

absence or petit mal seizures cause uncontrolled muscle movements on one extremity or side of the body (T/F)

false; absence seizures cause mild loss of consciousness for several seconds

the sympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, decreases respiration, and increases activity in the digestive tract (T/F)

false; the sympathetic nervous system is the flight or flight response so it increases heart rate and respiration and decreases digestive tract activity

nerves are a combination of many nerve fibers located in the brain and spinal cord (T/F)

false; nerves are a combination of many nerve fibers located OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord

neuroprotective agents are drugs that help prevent injury to neurons (T/F)

true

shingles

an acute inflammation of nerve cells caused by the herpes virus

multiple sclerosis

a chronic, progressive, disabling condition resulting from a degeneration of the myelin sheath

ventricles

hollow spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

associative or internuncial nerves carry both sensory and motor messages (T/F)

true

a cerebrovascular accident commonly causes…

hemiplegia

meninges

the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

quadriplegia is paralysis of the arms, legs, and body below the spinal cord injury (T/F)

true

abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain cause…

epilepsy

dendrite

a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the cell body

symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include tremors, stiffness, muscular rigidity, a shuffling gait, and loss of facial expression (T/F)

true

the thalamus regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system (T/F)

false; hypothalamus controls the ANS, thalamus deals with recognizing pain + temp, and sends impulses to the cerebrum

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that acts in times of emergency

paraplegia

paralysis of the lower extremities (spinal cord injury)

the spinal cord ends at the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra (T/F)

false; the spinal cord ends at the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra

treatment with thrombolytic drugs during the first three hours after a cerebrovascular accident can help prevent brain damage (T/F)

true

hydrocephalus

an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain

cerebrum

the part of the brain that is responsible for thought, reasoning, memory, speech, and voluntary body movement

the nervous system enables the body to respond and adapt to changes that occur both inside and outside the body

true

cerebral palsy is caused by brain damage that leads to a disturbance in voluntary muscle action

true

neuralgia is nerve pain caused by inflammation, pressure, toxins, and other diseases (T/F)

true

encephalitis

an inflammation of the brain frequently caused by a virus contracted from a mosquito bite

dura mater

the thick, tough outer covering of the brain and spinal cord

dyspnea

difficult or labored respirations

hyperthermia is a low body temperature (T/F)

false; hyperthermia is a high body temperature

one respiration consists of one inspiration and one expiration (T/F)

true

what does not lead to increased body temperature?

starvation or fasting

Cheyne-Stokes respiration describes…

periods of apnea and dyspnea

an apical pulse is frequently taken on infants or small children

true

a factor that does not increase blood pressure is…

shock

a sphygmomanometer cuff that is too wide or too narrow will give inaccurate blood pressure readings (T/F)

true

temperature

the measurement of the balance between heat produced and heat lost

diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries

false; diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest

a pulse site at the neck is the…

carotid

the most accurate method for taking a temperature is…

rectal

a pulse rate below 60 beats per minute is bradycardia (T/F)

true

hypertension is indicated when pressures are greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic (T/F)

true

if you note any abnormality or change in any vital sign, it is your responsibility to report this immediately to your supervisor (T/F)

true

blood pressure is recorded as a fraction with the diastolic pressure listed over the systolic pressure (T/F)

false; blood pressure is systolic pressure over diastolic

respirations above 25 breaths per minute in an adult are orthopnea (T/F)

false; respirations above 25 breaths per minute in an adult is tachypnea

the pulse site used while taking a blood pressure is…

brachial

respirations must be counted in such a way that the patient is unaware of the procedure (T/F)

true

orthostatic hypotension occurs when there is a sudden drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure when a person moves quickly from a standing to a sitting position (T/F)

false; orthostatic hypotension occurs when blood pressure drops when a person quickly moves from **sitting** to **standing**

What is **not** considered one of the four main vital signs?

apical pulse

tachycardia

a pulse rate over 100 beats per minute, except in children

if hypertension is not treated, it can lead to stroke, kidney disease, and/or heart disease (T/F)

true

many health care professionals are now regarding the degree of pain as the fifth vital sign (T/F)

true

pulse is defined as the pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of a vein as the heart beats and rests (T/F)

false; pulse is defined as the wave of blood made by the heart pumping, that travels along the arteries

the belief that college-educated individuals are superior to uneducated individuals is an example of…

bias

religious beliefs can determine health care beliefs (T/F)

true

culture is defined as the values, beliefs, languages, symbols, behaviors, and customs unique to a particular group of people (T/F)

true

most gestures, such as nodding the head up and down for “yes,” are universal and understood by individuals throughout the world (T/F)

false

different races are present in most ethnic groups (T/F)

true

nuclear family

a family that consists of a mother, father, and children

every effort must be made to allow an individual to express his or her beliefs, practice any religious rituals, and/or follow a special diet (T/F)

true

lack of eye contact can indicate respect (T/F)

true

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every individual has and will continue to create new and changing blends of values and beliefs (T/F)

true

a health care worker must have some awareness of different religious beliefs in order to care for patients in a holistic manner (T/F)

true

family relations, child rearing, education, occupational choice, social interactions, religious beliefs, food preferences, and health care are all influenced by culture (T/F)

true

all individuals adopt beliefs and form a pattern of behavior based on culture, ethnicity, race, life experiences, and religion (T/F)

true

sensitivity

the ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others

most patients appreciate it when a health care worker can speak even a few words of their language (T/F)

true

family structure affects the care of children, the sick, and the elderly (T/F)

true

the belief that all teenagers are reckless drivers is an example of…

stereotype

what is not a characteristic of culture?

culture stays the same from generation to generation

Ancient Romans

first developed public health and sanitation systems

Hippocrates developed an organized method to observe the human body and recorded the signs and symptoms of many diseases (T/F)

true

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Dorothea Dix founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (T/F)

false; Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross

Hippocrates

The Father of Medicine

Edward Jenner

developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Florence Nightingale

started the professional education of modern nurses

the ancient Romans believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body (T/F)

false; the Ancient Chinese believed this

the Renaissance is often called the “rebirth of the science of medicine” (T/F)

true

diagnostic related groups (DRGs) are one way Congress is trying to control costs for government insurance plans such as Medicare and Medicaid (T/F)

true

holistic health care promotes physical, emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual well-being (T/F)

true

telemedicine uses video, audio, and computer systems to provide medical and/or health care services (T/F)

true

complementary therapies are methods of treatment used in place of biomedical therapies (T/F)

false; complementary is used alongside biomedical, alternative is used in place of it

Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

government insurance program provides health care to uninsured children of working families who earn too little to afford private insurance but too much to be eligible for Medicaid

a proprietary hospital is a nonprofit hospital that relies on government funding (T/F)

false; proprietary hospitals are for profit

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)

federal agency that establishes and enforces standards that protect workers from job-related injuries and illnesses

what is **not** an example of services provided by home health care agencies

surgery

what is **not** a purpose of an organizational chart?

provides a sliding scale of responsibilities to determine salary