ap hug review

absolute direction

the exact direction you are heading

* east of current direction (travelling 90 degrees east)

relative direction

the direction depends on the surrounding area

* i’m north of you right now

absolute distance

the exact distance between two places

• usually measured in miles/kilometers

• chipotle is 2.6 miles from here

relative distance

an approximate measurement between two places

• usually measured in time or direction

• chiptole is about 6 minutess away from here

absolute location

the exact spot where something is located

* the gps coordiantes of a place

relative location

a description of a location using surrounding geographic features

* my house is near the water tower and the fire station

thematic maps

a map that displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics

thematic maps examples

choropleth

dot density

graduated symbol

isoline

cartogram

flow line

space

the physical gap between different objects in an area

activity space

the area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

place

an area of bounded space of some human importance

toponym

a place-name

assigned to a location when human importance is recognized

chloropleth maps

display data by using different colors

• great for showing quantity and density

• problem is it uses generalization

small scale map

a map that shows a large portion of the Earth’s surface but has less details in the data it is displaying

* more generality

large scale map

a map that shows less of the Earth’s surface but has more details in the data it is displaying

dot density map

show data with points where data is occurring

• allows to see spacial distribution

• hard to see when clustered

graduated symbol map

use shapes, items, or symbols to show the location and amount of data

* can become confusing because of overlap of data

isoline maps

use lines to connect areas that have similar or equal amounts of information

cartogram maps

show data in a dynamic way with the greatest value represented by the largest area

• can clearly show difference between different places

• • can be confusing due to the distortion

flowline

show the movement of different

remote sensing

a process of collection information about the Earth’s surface from satellites orbiting the Earth

geographic information system (gis)

a computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data

• can create layered maps

• provide insight into different geographic data

global positioning system (gps)

a network of satellites that are used to determine the location of something on the Earth’s surface

* satellite to navigate how to get spaces

place

a specific point on the Earth’s surface that has one or more unique characteristics

field observations

geographers can visit a place and record first hands observations

qualitative data

information that is presented in word form and is often up for interpretation and debate

* \

quantitative data

information that can be counted and presented in number form

* not up for debate

distance decay

the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interations

* the large the distance the less interaction

supply chain

a network of people, organizations, resources, and activities that work together to create and sell different products

time-space compression

the reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another

* counters distance decay

flow

the movement of people, ideas, goods, or services from one place to another

spatial association

the relationship between different objects in an area

* looks at how objects are arranged, connected, and possibly isolated in a place

density

the amount of objects in an area

concentration

the spread of objects in an area

pattern

the arrangement of objects in an area

place

a specific point on the Earth’s surface that has one or more unique characteristics

human characteristics

religion, language, population, and demographic data

sense of place

a strong feeling or perception people have of a place

placelessness

a place that does not invoke any strong responses from individuals due to a lack of unique characteristics

* location lacks a unique identity

site factors

characteristics that are at a specific location

* think about climate, the natural resources, or the absolute location of a place

situation factors

locations surrounding a place

• connections between one place and another

• rivers, roads, things that connect places together, or the relative location

desalination

the process of removing salt from seawater

environmental possiblism

the idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people have the ability to adjust/modify the physical environment to overcome those limits

environmental determinism

the environment sets the possibilities for humans and society

* creates restrictions that prevents a society from advancing

land use

a term that is used to describe how the land has been changed or modified to be used for a specific purpose or task

• can be broken up into different subcategories

• agricultural, industrial, commercial, residential, recreational, and transformational

sustainability

the use of the Earth’s resources in a way that ensures those resources will still be available in the future

* can today’s society meet the wants and needs of today’s society without preventing future generations from fulfilling their wants and needs

renewable resources

natural resources that can be used multiple times without running out

* trees (they can be replanted multiple times)

non-renewable resources

natural resources that can only be used once (limited supply)

* oil and natural gas

scale of analysis

observation of data at the global, national, regional, and/or local scale

* how information is being organized

scale

the relationship of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground

* about Earth’s surface

small scale map

a map that shows a large portion of the Earth’s surface but has less details in the details in the data it is displaying

* global

large scale map

a map that shows less of the Earth'‘s surface but has more details in the data it is displaying

* city

MR HELP

Movement

Regions

Human Environment interaction

Location

Place

movement

interaction has to occur (impacts location)

* can be trading

regions

formal, functional, and vernacular

formal regions

a well defined area with similar characteristics - very clear where it starts or ends

• mountainous region

• ocean

functional regions

an area that is focused around a center place (node)

vernacular region

an area that is defined by people’s feelings

* perceptual region

human environment interaction

how people shape the environment and how the environment shapes people

site

the absolute location of a place, described by local relief, land forms, and other cultural or physical characteristics

situation

relative location in relation to the physical and cultural conditions

mercator projection

• preserves accurate compass direction

• distorts size and landmass (near the poles)

• right angles

fuller projection

• maintains accurate size and shape of landmass

• can’t tell cardinal direction

• type of azimuthal projection

robinson projection

• attempt to balance projection errors

• all aspects are distorted (minimizes errors)

gall-peters projection

• equal area projection

• centered on Africa

cultural relativism

putting yourself in someone else’s shoes

centifugal force

forces that break apart a country

centripetal force

forces that unify the country

4 largest regions that have 2/3 of world population

south asia

east asia

southeast asia

europe

where people don’t live?

too…

• hot

• wet

• cold

• high

population density

the amount of people in an area

population distribution

the spread of people in an area

types of densities

• arithmetic

• physiological

• agricultural

arithmetic density

total population/total amount of land

shows how many people are living on each unit of land

physiological density

total population/total amount of arable land

how much food we need to produce from arable land

• the higher the number, the more people they need to feed

• face threat of desertificaion

agricultural density

amount of farmers/total amount of arable land

shows how advanced the technology and how advanced society is as producing food

* lower the number, the less people needed in agriculture

population density

the amount of people living in a particular area

carrying capacity

amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging the environment

sex ratio

(number of male births/number of female births) x100

dependency ratio

(number of children 0-14 + number of adults 65+/working age population) x100

child dependency ratio

(number of people age 0-14 years old/number of people age 15-64 years old) x100

elderly dependency ratio

(number of people age 65+ years old/number of people age 15-64 years old) x100

enclosure movement

a time period when small farms were consolidated into larger farms

* land transitioned from communally-owned to private-owned

disposable income

income that a person has after taxes and other mandatory charges

replacement rate

TFR = 2.1%

crude birth rate

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,00 people alive in society

crude death rate

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

natural increase rate

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

* sometimes referenced as rate of natural increase

dtm: stage one

high CBR

high CDR

low NIR

dtm: stage 2

high CBR

decreasing CDR

increasing NIR

dtm: stage 3

decreasing CBR

decreasing CDR

decreasing NIR

dtm: stage 4

low CBR

low CDR

low NIR

dtm: stage 5

CBR is below CDR

NIR is negative

epidemiologic transition line

line between stage one and two in the dmt

fertility transition

line between stages two and three in the dmt