SECTION 4: THEORIES OF CRIME IV — TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINOLOGY & GLOBALIZATION OF HARM

Why Study Crime Globally?: Why must criminology study crime globally?

because crime is transnational - it crosses borders (e.g. trafficking, cybercrime, drug trade)

Why Study Crime Globally?: How has globalization changed crime?

it increases the flow of harm, ideas, and criminal networks across borders

Why Study Crime Globally?: What does globalization demand from ciminology?

A shift toward studying interconnected global systems of harm and control

Key concepts (Bowling, 2011): What is Orientalism in global criminology?

romanticizing "the other", assuming moral or cultural superiority in non-western societies (e.g. idealizing "tribal justice"

Key concepts (Bowling, 2011): What is Occidentalism?

Denying difference by assuming western models apply universally (e.g exporting western policing everywhere)

Key concepts (Bowling, 2011): What is Ethnocentricity?

viewing ones cultural framework as universal or superior, judging others by western standards of law and crime

Key concepts (Bowling, 2011): What is Relativism?

The opposite extreme - claiming no system can judge another, potentially excusing harm as cultural difference

Key concepts (Bowling, 2011): What balance does Bowling advocate for?

between ethnocentrism and relativism, using comparative and transnational approaches

Types of global approaches: What is comparative criminology?

comparing crime and justice between nations (e.g. incarceration rates Canada v. U.S)

Types of global approaches: What is transnational criminology?

studying cross-border processes like smuggling, trafficking, or cybercrime focusing on global flows and linkages

Types of global approaches: What is global criminology?

developing a world level perspective on harm and justice, including non-western postcolonial voices

Key institutions: What is the role of UNODC (united nations office on drugs and crime)?

• coordinated international crime control efforts

• combats organized crime, corruption, and terrorism

• promotes peace, security and human rights

Key institutions: What major conventions does UNODC administer?

The UN Convention against transnational organized crime and related treaties

Key institutions: What is Interpol?

a global police network that facilitates information sharing and coordination against crimes like trafficking and cybercrime

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What does "iatrogenesis" mean?

harm caused unintentionally by a supposed treatment - in this context, crime control creating crime

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What is criminal iatrogenisis?

When criminal justice "solutions" worsen crime or produce new harms

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What are the three types of iatrogenesis (Cohen in Bowling, 2011)?

1. Clinical

2. Social

3. Cultural

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What is Clinical iatrogenesis (Cohen in Bowling, 2011)?

justice system produces direct harm (e.g. minor offenders hardened in prison)

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What is Social iatrogenesis (Cohen in Bowling, 2011)?

Over-reliance on justice system erodes community conflict resolution

Criminal Iatrogenesis (Ivan Illich; applied by Bowling): What is Cultural iatrogenesis (Cohen in Bowling, 2011)?

society becomes dependent on punitive systems, losing tolerance for diversity of conflict

Exporting Crime Control (Cohen's Models): What is Benign Transfer?

policy transfer with positive intent and outcome (e.g. sharing harm-reduction programs)

Exporting Crime Control (Cohen's Models): What is Malignant Colonialism?

using policy transfer for exploitative ends (e.g. imposing anti-drug laws to control population, neo-colonialism)

Exporting Crime Control (Cohen's Models): What is paradoxical damage?

well-intentioned policies that create unintended harm (e.g. the war on drugs increasing organized crime)

The War on Drugs — Case Study: Who declared the war on drugs and when?

President Richard Nixon in 1971

The War on Drugs — Case Study: What was the official vs. actual motive behind it?

officially about health and safety, but politically aimed at targeting antiwar activists and racial minorities

The War on Drugs — Case Study: What did Nixon aide john Ehrlichman reveal about the War on Drugs?

It was designed to criminalize black communities and hippies indirectly through drug laws

The War on Drugs — Case Study: What were the global consequences of war on drugs?

mass incarceration, radicalized policing, global spread of punitive laws, and increased organized crime

Case Example — Rondell Rawlins (Guyana, 2008): Who was Rondell rawlins

A Guyanese gang leader responsible for mass murders amid racial tenions (Indo- vs. Afro-Guyanese)

Case Example — Rondell Rawlins (Guyana, 2008): What structural factors were linked to Rawlins crimes?

drug trafficking, state death squads, and racialized political violence

Case Example — Rondell Rawlins (Guyana, 2008): What does this case illustrate in Bowlings framework?

the concepr of nemesis, how state hubris in controlling crime can create new forms of violence

Nemesis (Illich, via Bowling): What is Nemesis in global criminology?

The backlash of institutional arrogance, when belief in total control, e.g. drug free world, produces new dangers

Nemesis (Illich, via Bowling): What does structured hubris mean?

institutional overconfidence in control systems that end up generating unintended, often worse, harm

Nemesis (Illich, via Bowling): How does nemesis connect to iatrogenesis?

both describe how solutions (policies, systems) can create new harms, nemesis is the moral/political backlash version

Key takeaways: What does transnational criminology focus on?

The unintended consequences of global crime control and the cross-border nature of harm

Key takeaways: What danger does global crime control face?

Policies can export harm instead of safety, reinforcing inequality or violence abroad

Key takeaways: What kind of approach does Bowling advocate?

a culturally aware, comparative, and collaborative global criminology that avoids both enthocentlrism and relativism

Integration: What are the three types of global criminology approaches?

Comparative, transnational, global

Integration: How do iatrogenesis and nemesis relate to global crime control?

They show how well-intentioned systems, e.g. war on trade, can produce or intensify crime

Integration: What major insights ties this topic together

solutions can create new crimes