Intro to Micro Quiz 1

microbiology

the study of living things too small to be seen by the living algae

microbiology examples

algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi, viruses, bacteria

importance of microbiology

they are everywhere, disease, decomposition, photosynthesis, health

human use of microbiology

environmental clean up, rx drugs, food

pros of using bacteria in labs

very easy to culture and very quick to reproduce

cons of using bacteria in labs

very small, difficult to see

pathogen

a microbe that causes disease

nomenclature

idea of how things are named

carl linneaus

binomial nomenclature, genus and species

inspiration for naming things

to honor a scientist, to describe habitat, to be descriptive

robert hooke

developed a 2 lens microscope → saw cells, allowed us to develop cell theory

cell theory

all living things are made up of cells

antione leeuwenhoek

dutch, animalcules, father of microbiology

animalcules

things swimming in rain water under scope

spontaneous generation

life comes from invisible, vital forces

Francesco Redi

maggot experiment with meat, questioned vital forces

lazzaro spallanzani

inspired by Redi, also questioned vital forces, gravy experiment

Loius Pasteur

swan necked flask experiment

swan necked flask experiment

disproved spontaneous generation→ something in the air allows to bacteria to grow, beginning of aseptic techniques, developed pasteurization for wine

germ theory of disease

the idea that one microbe causes one disease, not a popular idea

joseph lister

surgeon inspired by Pasteur, 1st documented use of sterilizing surgical equipment, great success in reducing infection and mortality

Robert Koch

rural physician, Koch’s Anthrax problem

Koch’s Anthrax Problem

collected blood from sheep and cows → one microbe is responsible for one disease

postulates

1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

2. the pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture

3. the pathogen must cause the same disease hen inoculated into a healthy animal

4. the pathogen isolated must be the same as the original pathogen

5 steps of growing bacteria

1. inoculation

2. incubation

3. isolation

4. inspection

5. identification

inoculation

introducing the bacteria to the media

incubation

grown with or without oxygen, 37 C

Isolation

moving from a mixed culture to a pure culture

inspection

inspecting the bacteria based on color, shape, size

identification

using testing to determine the kind of bacteria grown

media is classified according to

physical state, chemical composition, and purpose

physical state

solid, liquid, semi-solid

solid medium

essential for the development of discrete, isolated colonies in the laboratory

chemical composition

synthetic (know exactly what’s in it), complex (not sure what’s in it)

staining steps

prep sample, fix with heat, stain

positive stain

stain the bacteria

negative stain

stain the background

simple stain

everything is stained to learn about the cell itself

differential stain

shows differences in cell structure specifically based on the cell wall

gram stain

based on differences in cell wall

Gram + = purple

Gram - = pink

Acid-Fast Stain

binds only to bacteria with waxy cell walls

Acid Fast bacteria = pink

non acid fast bacteria = purple

endospore stain

special type of structure that protects bacteria from adverse conditions

special stains

stain specific, capsule stain, flagellar stain

selective medium

will only grow specific types of bacteria

differential bacteria

allows a broad spectrum of bacteria to grow, highlights differences in species

compound light microscope

used for oil immersion, higher magnification = more light needed

electron microscope

extremely powerful

immune system’s job

figure out what’s supposed to be there and what’s not (foreign/ damaged)

innate lines of defense

born with; barriers and cells

acquired lines of defense

take time to develop; very specialized cells

1st line of defense

skin and mucous membrane

physical factors of skin

compact, physical shedding of cells, sweat

physical factors of the mucous membrane

mucous, lacrimal apparatus of eyes, saliva, ciliary escalator, urine, peristalsis, defecation, and vomiting

chemical factors of skin

sebum, pH, perspiration, lysozymes

chemical factors of mucous membrane

saliva, lysozyme, gastric juice, HCl

2nd line of defense

white blood cells

2nd line responsible for

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, producing antimicrobial elements

phagocytes responsible for

surveying tissue compartments, ingesting and eliminating anything foreign, extracting antigens

types of phagocytes

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

neutrophils

most abundant white blood cells

macrophages

either circulate in the body or attach to specific areas

dendritic cells

mainly found in barrier locations

PAMPs

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern; small things associated with pathogens but not human cells

Toxic Oxygen and high pH

bombarde microbes and destroy them

inflammation signs and symptoms

Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor

rubor

redness

tumor

swelling

calor

heat

dolor

pain

functions of inflammation

mobilize, destroy, repair

stages of inflammation

vasodilation and permeability, migration of phagocytes (diapedesis), destruction of invader

fever

hypothalamus is reset

pyrogens

circulate through the body and send signals to the brain to change the temperature

benefits of a fever

Bacteria and viruses are very sensitive to temperature, Replicate less when taken out of normal body temperature range, Constricted muscles and blood vessels constricts the amount of blood cells in the area = less iron available for the microbes = helps to kill them off, speeds up metabolism and phagocytosis of the human cells

fever treatment

case by case decision; try to let it work its course

cases when to treat fever

underlying heart conditions, underlying respiratory issues, head trauma, or seizure conditions

Cytokines/chemokines

proteins produced by your immune cells that signal the immune response and have extensive biological functions; can turn the immune system on and can signal to turn it off; carried through the blood to various parts of the body to signal the immune system

autocrine action

bind to the same cells and communicate

paracrine action

bind to nearby cells

endocrine action

travel to all other places in the body and communicate the problem

complement

proteins that complement the immune system function; activated when there is an immune need for them

Antimicrobial Peptides

produced by human cells to help fight off bacteria

Defensins

bind to the plasma membrane of bacteria, disrupts the cell wall, then weakens the bacteria so they are destroyed

3rd line of defense

specific immunity or adaptive immunity

antigen

anything foreign that elicits an immune response

immunogenic

how good of a response an antigen elicits

antibody structure

light chains, heavy chains, Fc region, variable region

functions of antibodies

neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and antitoxins

neutralization

antibodies block a virus or toxic protein from binding to their target

opsonization

a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil

complement activation

antibodies attached tot he surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system

antitoxins

deactivate toxins

immune response timing

1st time seeing an antigen is very important so your body recognizes it after that

lymphocyte development

all lymphocytes are originally produced in bone marrow; but the maturation is different

B cells

stay in the bone marrow and mature there

\
T cells

move to the thymus and mature there

presentation of antigen

antigen is presented to B and T cells

B and T cells are turned on

cells are turned on to fight off antigen

helper T cells

increase the immune response

Regulatory T cells

turn down the immune system once the threat has passed