microbio week 6

each cell can reproduce to form a seperate __

colony

use miniature culture and incubate in many different conditions to find the best one

culturomics

special slides and cover slips with grids to facilitate counting

counting chambers

microbes are filtered then stained

membrane filter technique

stream of cells so narrow that one cell at a time passes through the laser beam

flow cytometry

the coulter counter

electronic counters

spread and pour plate techniques

viable counting method

cells from liquid culture are pelleted by centrifuged and weighed

dry weight

amount of light scattering is directly proportional to cell biomass

spectrophotometry

each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by a __?

enzyme or ribozyme

synthesis of complex molecules

chemical work

take up of nutrients eliminate wastes and maintain ion balances

transport work

cell motility and movement of structures within cells

mechanical work

a science that analyzes energy change in a collection of matter called a system

thermodynamics

energy can be neither created nor destroyed

first law of thermodynamics

physical and chemical processes proceed in a way that the disorder of the universe increases

second law of thermodynamics

amount of disorder in a system

entropy

amount of energy need to raise 1 gram of water

calorie

units of work capable of being done

joules

change in free energy amount of energy available to do work

delta G

if G is negative the reaction is __

spontaneous

if G is positive reaction is __

non spontaneous

if G is __ the reaction is spontaneous

negative

if G is __ reaction is non spontaneous

positive

when the rates in both directions are equal and no net change occurs

equilibrium

equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants to one another

equilibrium constant

delta G is negative and reaction is spontaneous

exergonic reaction

delta G is positive, reaction is non spontaneous

endergonic reaction

exergonic breakdown of high energy atp is coupled with __

endergonic reactions

ATP has a __

high phosphate transfer potential

mechanism for making ATP using molecules such as PEP as a source of the phosphoryl group

substrate level phosphorylation

reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an donor to acceptor

oxidation and reduction reactions

electron donating reaction

oxidation

electron accepting reaction

reduction

loss of electrons

oxidation

gain of electrons

reduction

H+

hydrogen ion

H-

hydride ion

H

hydrogen atom

equilibrium constant for an oxidation reduction reaction

standard redox potential

more negative E0 =

better electron donor

more positive E0=

better electron acceptor

electron carriers are membrane bound and organized into a system called ?

electron transport chain

localized in the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells

electron carriers

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADP

CoQ is a ?

quinone

use iron atoms to transfer electrons

cytochromes

use iron atoms to transport electrons

nonheme iron proteins

rate of turnover of a metabolite

metabolite flux

product of a reaction

metabolite

protein catalysts that have great specificity for the reaction catalyzed, the molecules acted on, and the products they yield.

enzyme

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered itself

catalyst

reacting molecules

substrates

substances formed by reaction

Products

protein component of an enzyme

apoenzyme

nonprotein component of an enzyme

Cofactor

covalently attached

Prosthetic group

loosely attached and can dissociate.

Coenzyme

apoenzyme and cofactor

holoenzyme

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidoreductase

Reactions involving the transfer of chemical groups between molecules

Transferase

Hydrolysis (break down) of molecules

Hydrolase

Breaking of C–C, C–O, C–N and other bonds

Lyase

Rearranges molecules to isomer form

isomerase

Joining of two molecules using ATP

ligase

energy required to form transitionstate complex

Activation energy

Enzymes bring substrates together in the __?

active site or catalytic site

Enzyme activity is significantly impacted by ?

Temperature, pH, Substrate concentration

Reaction rate __ as substrate concentration increases.

increases

Loss of enzyme’s structure and activity when temperature rises too much above optimum

denaturation

Directly competes with binding of substrate to catalytic site and prevents the enzyme from forming product.

Competitive inhibitor

Binds enzyme at site other than active site and c hanges enzyme’s shape so that it becomes inactive or less active

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Maintenance of metabolic balance despite changes in environment.

regulation of metabolism

Localizes enzymes and metabolites to specific parts of a cell.

metabolic channeling

Distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles

compartmentation

Most enzymes that regulate cell processes

Allosteric Regulation

Activity altered by small molecule known as ?

allosteric effector

Binds reversibly and noncovalently at a ??

regulatory site

Inhibition of one or more critical enzymes in a pathway regulates entire pathway

Feedback Inhibition

Different forms of an enzyme that catalyze same reaction

Isoenzymes

Breaking down large complex organic molecules into simpler ones with the release of energy

Catabolism

The synthesis (building up) of large complex organic molecules from simpler one

anabolism

Requires energy and reducing power from fueling reactions

anabolism

Use organic molecules as carbon sources

Heterotrophs

Use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source

Autotrophs

Must obtain energy from other sources

autotroph

use light

Phototrophs

use reduced inorganic substances

Lithotrophs

extracts electrons from reduced organic compounds

Organotrophs

used to conserve energy from an energy source

ATP

molecules that serve as a ready supply of electrons for chemical reactions

Reducing power

provide carbon skeleton for biosynthesis of monomers

Precursor metabolites

Use reduced organic compounds for catabolic and anabolic processes.

Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes

final electron acceptor is oxygen

Aerobic respiration

final electron acceptor is different oxidized molecule

Anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis

Glucose to pyruvate

TCA cycle

Pyruvate to CO2

Electron transport chain

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, NADH oxidation/ATP synthase

Uses an endogenous electron acceptor.

Fermentation