asi 220 exam 2

what are inorganic elements essential for

energy and protein metabolism

osmotic and ph balance

minerals must be consumed in the

diet

macrominerals are expressed as….

% of diet

micro minerals are expressed in…

ppm

what is the c p ration

2:1

%in skeleton

%in soft tissues

(phosphorus)

80

20

phosphorus aids in formation of….(ie…)

bone matrix

hydroxyapatite

phosphorus is a major component in…which is necessary for

….

atp

cellular yielding reactions

phosphorus is a component of…and….

nucleic acids

enzymes

we utilize….faster than…. then ..is used …

phosphorus

calcium

calcium

to build things

bent leg syndrome is most common in…

sheep

what is milk fever

when the milk has too low levels of calcium

what is the ca:p ratio in dogs

what happens if they are imbalanced

….more sensitive to excessive ca

1.2:1

it will affect other absorption of mineral

large/giant breed dogs

horse ca:p ratio

1.5:1-2:1

can handle 3:1 as well

ca:p ration in

meat birds

laying hens

2:1

4:1

ca:p in cats

.5:1-

1.5:1

ca:p in ruminant

what happens if it is an extreme ratio

2:1

steers become at risk for urinary calculi (water belly)

regardless of specie diets are formulated to….first and then corrected for

ca p minimums

ratio

why do steers see orthopedic problems in feedlots

because feed lots feed corn which are high in p and low in ca so they need to add ca to diets

forages are… in ca

and…in phosphorus

high

low

grains are…in ca

and…in phosphrus

low

high

what is added to grain based diets to increase ca

lime stone

what are calcium sources?

lime stone

calcium carbonate

di- tricalcium phosphate

bone

what are common phosphorus sources

mono or di calcium phosphate

aluminum phosphate

sodium tripolyphosphate

monogastrics…the….to breakdown…

dont

necessary

phytate-p

a…can be added to swine and poultry diets

synthetic form

for swine and poultry requirements p is expressed as…not…

digestible p not total p

in horses requirements for p are expressed as…

total p

ruminal….produce the…called..

microbes

enzyme

phytase

phytase breaks down….and releases… for…

phytate-p

phosphate

absorption

phosphate is…..well in monogastricts

not digested well

goes in one in and out the other

phosphorus is…in beef and dairy diets

how much is excreted in feces

over fed

5-10 of excess p excreted in feces per year

deficiencies of k and cl are…

rare

deficiencies in na are…

what are the symptoms

common

depressed feed intake

depressed growth

and depraved apetite

we typically use salt blocks in…

why dow we use salt blocks

grazing animals

because they sweat a lot and when they sweat a lot it leads to dehydration

more than…are activated by mg

many are asociated with…and…

300 mammalian enzyme

energy

metabolism

one symptom of grass tetany is

muscle rigor ot paralysis

grass tetany is cause by insufficient… and… elevated…

mg

na

k

what can you do to avoid grass tetany

add mineral block and change it once spring happens not an issue in fall grass

….. most likely to be deficient in trace minerals

zn

cu

se

in monogastrics and ruminants what is the % of trace minerals in pre mixes

1.5-3 lbs per ton

trace minerals are generally added to…

premixes

the requirement for zn is…. (trace mineral)

50 ppm

what is the requirement for cu as a trace mineral

10 ppm

sulfates as a trace mineral are… and ….relative bioavailability

inorganic

high

oxides are…and.. relative bioavailability

inorganic

low

chelates are…and…relative bioavailability

organic

high

the body doesnt like… but it likes….oxides

oxides

carbons and sulfates

vitamins are…components of food that are…distinct from protein fat carbohydrates and mineral matter

organic

chemically

vitmains generally function as enzyme…

cofactors

fat soluble vitamins

means must consume fat in the diet to absorb the vitamins

adek vitamins are store in

fat tissue

vitamin c is not required in

non primates

vitamin b is required in….

non-ruminants

what are the changes at weaning?

removal of sow

transportation

new environment

liquid to solid diet

coming with other litters

what is the feed cost in swine

75%

what must be considered when choosing a pigs diet

rapid changing of biology

availability of amino acids carbs and fats

why should milk and specialty programs be eradicated from a weaned pigs diet

they are expensive

what is an advantage of soy bean meal

low cost

disadvantages of soybean mela

low digestibility

hypersensitivity to soy may stimulate response in young pigs

low palatability

if a pig weighs less than 15 pounds how is the diet

high animla protein and lactose sources needed

15-25 lbs pigs

reduced animal protein and lactose sources moderate soybean mea l

25-50 lbs pigs

no animal protein soy bean meal is the main source of protein

phase feeding is a…..between …..and…..

compromise

cost

performance

what is a component of phase feeding

feeding the animal several diets for short period of times

what are the advantages of phase feeding

maximum performance

minimized over feeding and underfeeding of nutrients

maximized nutrient excretion

what are disadvantages of phase feeding

coordinating with the feed mill to get the right amount of each diet

high ca:p ratios interfere with

absorption

low ca:p ratios create low

growth/efficiencies

birds digest…starches

raw

birds adjust feed intake to meet their

energy

birds excrete…

uric acid

arginine is…synthesized during uric acid production

not

arginine is an….amino acid

essential

what does uric acid production also require

catabolism of glycine

….requirements are high in poultry as opposed to mammals

glycine

calcium and phosphate requirements for birds are relatively

high

what % of production cost is in broiler feed formulation

60-70%

broilers are fed diets that are high in

amino acids

what must amino acids do in broiler diet

maximize gain and carcass characteristics

in a broiler what is maintained

calorie:lysine ratio

in a broiler diet what drives protein synthesis

energy

in a broiler diet what do we want to eliminate

abdominal fat deposition

how to limit fat deposition

alter energy to amino acids

in broiler feeding what kind of feeding is standard practice

phase feeding

amino acids increase with

muscle mass

requirements for amino acids ca and available p (% of diet) decrease when

as birds approach market weight

ambient temperature is

intake and energy requirements may change when ambient temperature is outside of the birds thermal neutral zone

what is pellet quality

intake decreases and energy requirements increase when pellets are poor

what factors affect adfi adg and nutrient requirements

muscle mass

age

ambient temperature

pellet quality

factors affecting feed efficiency

particle size

feed form

how do you improve starch digestion

reducing particle size

what particle sizes do birds prefer

800 microns or greater

what is crumbing

coarsely rolling firm pellets may improve nutrient digestibility

what are the stages for diets for

growing poultry in usa

1) starter

2) grower

3)finisher

on occasion a pre starter or a withdraw diet will also be used

how many eggs do commercial hens lay every year

265 eggs a year

more than 10x their body weight

what age do commercial hens begin laying eggs

18-20 weeks of age

egg laying chickens diets are…in protein and they rely on…

low

vegetable proteins and synthetic amino acids