CCU Intro to Lit Sem 1 Final

Does not include quotes from short stories, Hamlet, and Ethan Frome. Study by reading summary, looking at quotes from Quest and in-class. Birthmark and Ethan Frome Essay: KNOW!!!!

literature

written compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze or advocate ideas

written compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze or advocate ideas

Define literature.

folk tales, fairy tales, legends, plays, short stories, novels

What are examples of oral or written tales?

-Grow personally and intellectually

-Stretches the mind by developing imagination, understanding, stimulates sympathy, stirs emotions

-Links readers to different cultures, philosophies, and convictions

-Transports the reader to different regions and times

What are the benefits of literature?

Good or bad

What are the two types of literature?

-permanent values and moves people

-reflects ideal virtues and morals

What does good literature contain?

God. God’s Word is the measuring mark of morals. Good literature should reflect God’s standards

What determines the virtues and morals in literature?

-Often not well-written

-Can be well-written at times

-Celebrates sin and evil, wicked actions

-Offers no hope

What does Bad literature contain?

-Good literature reveals the consequence of wrong actions

-Bad literature rarely highlights the consequence, but rather celebrates wicked actions

What is the difference between Good and Bad literature?

-Prose fiction

-Poetry

-Drama

-Nonfiction prose

What are the 4 genres of literature?

-Myths

-Parables

-Romances

-Novels

-Short stories

What are the 5 types of prose fictions/narrative fiction?

Poetry

a brief glimpse of an author’s imaginations usually written with some elements of rhyme, rhythm, and meter. Offers high points of emotions, reflection, thought, and feeling on a certain topic or life.

a brief glimpse of an author’s imaginations usually written with some elements of rhyme, rhythm, and meter. Offers high points of emotions, reflection, thought, and feeling on a certain topic or life.

Define poetry.

Drama

Literature “designed for the stage or film.” Develops characters and situations through speech and action. Language often reflects the speech of ordinary people.

Literature “designed for the stage or film.” Develops characters and situations through speech and action. Language often reflects the speech of ordinary people.

Define drama.

-News reports

-Feature articles

-Essays

-History/Biographical works

-Editorials/textbooks

What are examples of nonfiction prose?

Creative nonfiction

What is a subgenre of nonfiction prose that contains a structure form, vivid examples, relevant quotes, and highlights creative insights?

subgenre of nonfiction prose; essays, articles, journals; contains a structure form, vivid examples, relevant quotes, and highlights creative insights

What is creative nonfiction?

Paraphrasing

What is taking what you read and putting it in your own words?

1. Prevents plagiarizing

2. Helps digest what’s been read

What are the two purposes of paraphrasing?

1. Substitute Vocabulary

2. Rearrange sentence structure

3. Change the length and order of sentences

How do you successfully paraphrase?

1. Know what to leave out and include

2. Delete unimportant details, redundancies

3. Stick to the general order of ideas

4. Present relationships among ideas

How do you summarize?

Plagiarism

taking someone else’s work and passing it off as your own; includes using someone’s ideas, key words, or structure; stealing without proper attribution

common knowledge

You must cite all quoted, summarized, paraphrased, unique styles. What must you not cite?

direct plagiarism

copy and pasting line for line

self plagiarism

copying from previous work, editing it, and passing it off as new

mosaic plagiarism

copying key words and structure of someone else’s work without differentiating

accidental plagiarism

sloppy note-taking and research

Plot

the author’s arrangement of incidents in a story; controls the order of events in a story or narrative; different from a story, which is all the events of a narrative in chronological order; can appear out of sequence for suspense or dramatic effect (A Rose for Emily)

the author’s arrangement of incidents in a story; controls the order of events in a story or narrative; different from a story, which is all the events of a narrative in chronological order; can appear out of sequence for suspense or dramatic effect (A Rose for Emily)

Define plot.

-Exposition

-Rising Action

-Climax or Crisis

-Falling Action or Denouement

-Resolution or Stable Situation

What is the order of Plot shown through Freytag’s Pyramid?

Exposition (flashback)

Background info the reader needs to make sense of the characters’ situation; provides context of the story; includes theme, setting, character intro, and hint of upcoming conflict

Background info the reader needs to make sense of the characters’ situation; provides context of the story; includes theme, setting, character intro, and hint of upcoming conflict

Define exposition (flashback).

rising action

Includes the inciting incident—a complication; where the tension increases in the story; can include some foreshadowing of the crisis

Includes the inciting incident—a complication; where the tension increases in the story; can include some foreshadowing of the crisis

Define rising action.

Climax

where the greatest tension or uncertainty appears

where the greatest tension or uncertainty appears

Define climax.

Falling Action

basically, the rest of the story that leads to a solution after the climax

basically, the rest of the story that leads to a solution after the climax

What is the falling action?

Resolution

in a tragedy, this is called the catastrophe; this is closely related to the denouement, where the author gives a final explanation

in a tragedy, this is called the catastrophe; this is closely related to the denouement, where the author gives a final explanation

Define resolution.

muted conflicts

conflict that is not obvious throughout the story

Open-ended conflict

conflict is unresolved or understated

multiple plots

includes 2+ conflicts

Beginnings

the story can open in the middle of the action (in media res)

Embedded stories

extended or elaborate stories within the narrative (Beowulf)

Frame stories

stories that surrounds or fames the main story (Ethan Fromme)

1. Summary Narration

2. Scenic Narration

What are the two types of narration?

summary narration

sums up events that took place over a period of time (fast/quick)

scenic narration

vivid and emotionally involved; slows down times; opposite of summary (slow)

1. Internal

2. External

What are the two types of conflicts?

internal conflict

struggle within the main character, ex: Tell-Tale Heart

external conflict

a struggle outside of the character

Protagonist (hero/heroine)

the central character, usually the sympathetic one

antagonist

opposes the protagonist; not as sympathetic

Most modern narratives switch the sympathetic view or blend them, making it difficult to establish the good character from the evil character.

How have modern narratives changed protagonist and antagonists?

characterization

method by which a writer creates people in a story; ways author reveals characters

method by which a writer creates people in a story; ways author reveals characters

Define characterization

1. Names

   1. Look at other info the author supplies the characters

   2. Piece together bits of information to find the context and interpret the behavior

   3. Pay attention to what characters say and do

2. Physical Description

   1. Reveals inner qualities

3. Personal Thoughts

   1. The reader has access to character’s thoughts

4. Words of other people around the character

   1. How do other people respond to the character?

5. Actions of other people around the character

   1. How do others act around the character?

What are the 5 methods of characterization?

1. Indirect revelation (showing)

2. Direct revelation (telling)

What are the two methods for presenting characters?

-Dialogue

-External details

-Thoughts, speech, actions

What are examples of indirect revelation?

the author tells the reader the good and bad of the character

What are examples of direct revelation?

1. motivated (actions must have reasons)

2. plausible (must be believed based on previous info)

3. consistent (with previous info)

What are reasons for showing or telling?

1. Dynamic

2. Static

3. Flat

4. Stock

5. Round

What are the 5 types of characters?

dynamic character

undergoes some kind of change because of the action of the plot (Epiphany)

static character

does not change throughout the plot or story

flat character

embodies 1-2 qualities, ideas, traits, that are summarized briefly

stock character

type of flat character that is a stereotype (cliche) rather than an individual

round character

one that is complex, has depth, and requires more attention; difficult to summarize

setting

the physical background against which the events of a story take place

1. the physical, sensuous world of the work

2. the time in which the action of the work takes place

3. the social environment of the characters

4. atmosphere

What are the 4 aspects of setting?

-time of day

-period of time

-era

-season

When interpreting time, look at:

-location

-scenery

-arrangement of objects in a room

When interpreting place, look at:

-religious

-mental

-moral

-social and emotional conditions

What aspects of environment of the characters should we look at?

1. historical period

2. passage of time

3. perception of time

What are the three kinds of time?

historical period; War and Peace

what period in history an action takes place; give an example.

passage of time; The Story of an Hour

how long the action occurs in a story; give an example.

perception of time; Bartleby, the Scrivener

how the passage of time is perceived, either slow or fast; give an example.

internal conflicts and emotional states

How a character perceives time helps us undertstand what?

atmosphere

emotions or feelings conveyed through the setting

-What are the methods used to create atmosphere?

-How does the atmosphere affect the character of the plot?

What are some questions to determine atmosphere?

Point of View

the narrator’s relationship to the world of the work; tells the story and how it’s told; shapes what the reader knows and how the reader feels about events in a story; the narrator and author and distinct.

the narrator’s relationship to the world of the work; tells the story and how it’s told; shapes what the reader knows and how the reader feels about events in a story; the narrator and author and distinct.

Define point of view.

1. first person narrator

2. second person narrator

3. third person narrator

What are the 3 POVs?

first person narrator

the story is told through one character; uses first person pronouns; could be a major, minor, nonparticipating, but identifiable speaker or character who observes from the sideline

the story is told through one character; uses first person pronouns; could be a major, minor, nonparticipating, but identifiable speaker or character who observes from the sideline

Define first person narrator.

major participant first person narrator

tells his story and thoughts as a major mover; tells a story about others and also about himself; tells a story mainly about others, and about himself incidentally

minor participant first person narrator

tells a story about events experienced and witnessed

nonparticipant but identifiable first person narrator

learns information as a narrator

second person narrator

narrator speakers to someone else who is addressed as “You;” least common POV; most difficult for authors to manage

narrator speakers to someone else who is addressed as “You;” least common POV; most difficult for authors to manage

Define second person narrator.

1. Omniscient

2. Limited Omniscient

3. Objective (Dramatic)

What are the three types of third person narrators?

the authorial voice (other speakers)

in the third person POV, one not separately identified and may represent the words and views of the author

omniscient third person POV

all-knowing; narrator assumes near complete knowledge of the character’s actions, thoughts, and location; moves at will between places, historical periods, and characters; can speak directly to the reader; makes the reader privy to all the thoughts and actions of the characters

all-knowing; narrator assumes near complete knowledge of the character’s actions, thoughts, and location; moves at will between places, historical periods, and characters; can speak directly to the reader; makes the reader privy to all the thoughts and actions of the characters

Define omniscient third person POV

1. editorial omniscience (occurs when the narrator evaluates the character for the reader)

2. neutral omniscient (allows characters and actions and thought s to speak for themselves)

What are the two types of omniscient third person POVs?

limited omniscience third person POV

restricted from the perspective of the mind of one character; may be either a main or peripheral character; filter, reflector; often the character that discovers some truth and climaxes with an epiphany

restricted from the perspective of the mind of one character; may be either a main or peripheral character; filter, reflector; often the character that discovers some truth and climaxes with an epiphany

Define limited omniscience third person POV.

Objective (Dramatic) third person POV

most direct presentation of action and dialogue; had omniscient knowledge of places, times, and events, but does not enter minds; similar to real-life—read, see, and observe; reveals characters through dialogue, actions, looks, and what others says

most direct presentation of action and dialogue; had omniscient knowledge of places, times, and events, but does not enter minds; similar to real-life—read, see, and observe; reveals characters through dialogue, actions, looks, and what others says

Define objective third person POV