Exam semester 2 (multiple choice) (copy)

ew

first person to study how traits are passed down from one generation to the next

gregor mendel

who’s studies on pneumonia discovered the process of transformation

Frederick griffith

whose X-ray diffraction pictures helped determine the structure of DNA

rosalind franklin

whose experiment, using digestive enzymes, showed DNA was responsible for transformation

oswald Avery

who (w help from others) correctly built the structure of DNA

James Watson and Francis crick

In the experiment with pneumonia bacteria and transformation, what was being passed from one strain of Bactria to the other

plasmids

what two parts of the nucleotide make up the “backbone” of the nucleic acid strand

the phosphate group and the 5 carbon sugar

which DNA nucleotides are **pyrimid**ines, having just **one** ring in the nitrogenous base?

cytosine and thymine

how many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine as they “base pair”

2

which carbon determines whether the nucleotide is ribose or deoxyribose

C2

which carbon is the one that the nucleotide can be added to in the growing strand of nucleotides

C3

which protein does DNA wrap around to form the “bead on a string” structure of chromatin

Histone

DNA is replicated in which form?

chromatin

DNA polymerase I preforms which of the following functions?

cuts out the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

DNA gyrase does which of the following during replication

unleashes the tension that builds as DNA is unwound

RNA polymerase does which of the following

lays down RNA nucleotides across from the gene during transcription

what is the function of DNA polymerase II

“spell checks” the growing strand of DNA as it is made during replication

a repressor protein would do which of the following

bind to an inhibitory site and slow down/decrease transcription

RNA polymerase lands on an area of DNA known as which of the following?

the promoter

which RNA type helps shut down translation

miRNA

of the editing steps of pre-mRNA, which of the following brings the ribosomes to the mRNA strand

the 7-methyl guanosine cap

what is the function of telomerase

prevent any of the important DNA from not being copied

which letter on the diagram is the leading strand

b

what is the lagging strand on the diagram?

c

what are the Okazaki fragments on the diagram?

c

which type of mutation changes a nucleotide for another, causeing a change in the amino acid laid down for the protein

point mutation

a deletion of two nucleotides in a gene would result in which of the following?

Frame shift mutation

when people go to the beach they apply sunscreen to prevent uv rays from giving us skin cancer. in this instance uv rays are acting as ___?

a physical carcinogen

which of the following describes eukaryotes transcription control

one gene is under the control of one promoter and accessory regulatory sites

the Gardasil vaccine prevents around 75% of cervical cancers, by preventing the infection with the human papillomavirus, HPV. how does HPV cause these cancers

by entering the lysogenic cycle and mutating a cell control gene

which “part” of the ribosome connects the amino acids together with peptide bonds?

the P-site

what correctly describes what happened to babies in England who, after their mothers took morning sickness pills, became “flipper babies”

a chemical mutagen causing a mutation in a HOX gene

what name refers to the original strand of DNA that the DNA polymerases “read” during replication

template

what term refers to the stretch of DNA that is turned into RNA during transcription

gene

what is the structure of DNA

a double helix

DNA has what type of charge?

negative

what term refers to ALL of the DNA of a eukaryotic organism

genome

in the Lac operon, the genes are turned on when which of the following is present?

lactose

which of the following refers to transfer RNA?

I. carries an amino acid

II. has an anticodon to “pair” to the codon

III. lands at the A-site of the ribosome

I, II, and III

the Lac Operon is found in which of the following

prokaryotes

which of the following terms refers to a picture of a cells chromosome

karyotype

which of the following refers to the area where sister chromatids are connected together on a chromosome

centromere

bacterial cells divide by which. of the following processes

binary fission

which of the following is part of interphase

a. mitosis

b. S-phase

c. cytokinesis

d. prophase

e. anaphase

b. S-phase

during S-phase of the cell cycle, DNA can be found in which form

Chromatin

The majority of a cells growth takes place during which of the following?

G1

during which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate

anaphase

which of the following occurs during telophase

DNA de-condenses

during which stage of the cell cycle do cells replicate their DNA

S phase

during which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

During prophase which of the following would happen

I. chromosomes form

II. Centrioles split

III. Nuclear membrane dissolves

III only

the length of time that it takes a cell to progress through the cell cycle is known as…

generation time

which of the following proteins is the primary protein in centrioles and spindle fibers

a. cyclins

b.collagen

c.actin

d.tublin

e.beta lactamase

d. tubulin

which of the following is not a part of the mitotic spindle

a.centrioles

b.centrosome region

c.contractile ring

d.spindle fibers

e.polar fibers

c. contractile ring

the contractile ring is formed primarily from which protein

actin

which term refers to the indention that forms where a eukaryotic animal cell divides

cleavage furrow

the polar fibers of the mitotic spindle are involved in which of the following

a. connecting the spindle fiber to the chromosome

b.seperating the sister chromatid

c. elongating the cell before it divides

d. maneuvering the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

e. all of the above

elongating the cell before it divides

which family pf proteins is involved in controlling the cells progress through the cell cycle

cyclin family of proteins

in the cell cycle, external regulators typically direct cells to do which of the following

speed up or slow down the cell cycle

cyclin b, the first cyclin discovered, when it reaches the threshold amount level, would immediatly send a cell into which of the following stages

prophase

which of the follwing is involved in cell differentiation

a. through the expression of different genes

b. through the expression of the same genes but in different amounts

c. through the expression of the same genes but at different times of the cell’s cycle

d. by influences from neighboring cells

e. all of the above

all of the above

apoptosis is best described by which of the following examples

the cells in the webbing between the fingers going away as the hand develops

the frog regrowing limbs and the drugs used, and how that worked, would be best described as

external regulators directing the cells to grow but letting them (and the surrounding cells) to direct their path

which of the following describes using CAR-T cells, or chimeric antigen receptor cells, in cancer therapy

genetically manipulating one immune systems own t-cells to recognize the cancerous cells

cancers that occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed, is referred to as which of the following

leukemias

ultraviolet radiation from the sun is an example of which of the following

physical carcinogen

many cancers have been found to have mutation in which of the following genes

p53

cancers of epithelial tissue are known as which of the following

carcinoma

which term refers to a gene that, normally would control the cell cycle, but has mutated and is causing uncontrolled cell growth

an oncogene

which of the following statements is true?

I. tumor cells that are metastasizing must be activly going through the cell cycle

II. tumor cels that are metastasizing must be in cell cycle arrest

III. tumor cells that are benign must be in cell arrest

II only

cells of the blastocysts inner cell mass are best described as ?

Pluripotent

what term is used to describe two of the same chromosomes?

homologous

what tern refers to the **different versions of a specific gene**?

alleles

Barbara McClintock made an unusual discovery during her research of corn, that genes do not always stay in one spot. what scientific term refers to these so called “jumping genes”

Transposons

to follow humanity lineage through the paternal line science would compare which of the following?

Y chromosomes

what is 1 in this diagram?

telomere

what is 2 in the diagram?

centromere

what is 3 in the diagram?

p arm

what is 4 in the diagram

q arm

what term refers to cells that have both chromosomes of each pair of chromosomes found in an organism

diploid

**somatic** refers to what?

all of the cells of the human body, with the exception of sperm and egg

in humans, spermatogenesis, in which one spermatocyte forms four sperm cells, creates which of the following

four viable sperm cells with 23 chromosomes

in humans, as one oocyte goes through the process of oogenesis, it creates which of the following

one viable egg w 23 chromosomes

which of the following occurs during meiosis II

I. the DNA gets replicated

II. the homologous chromosomes get separated

III. the sister chromatids get separated

III only

which of the following would occur during prophase II once the spindle apparatus was broken down during telophase I

I. the DNA condenses

II. the nuclear membrane dissolves

III. The spindle apparatus is formed

III only

a **tetrad** forms during which stage of the gametic cycle?

prophase 1- metaphase 1

the following cell would be in which stage of meiosis?

anaphase

identify _____ (the “location” of the break)

chiasma

if a zygote has three homologous chromosomes, two genetically identical and one different which of the following must have happened

non-disjunction occurred during meiosis II

which of the following would occur during crossing over if the chiasma occurred at two different locations

one chromosome involved would undergo a chromosomal deletion, the other a chromosomal duplication

which of the following is NOT a characteristic that scientists would want in an organism used to study genetics: gives birth to one offspring at a time, becomes reproductive early in life / short life cycle, is inexpensive to care for, not dangerous, or all of the above are needed for a good genetic study organism a

gives birth to one offspring at a time

a punnet square is used to determine which of the following

the probable outcome of offspring from parents

what ratio would occur if model crossed two heterozygous pea plants for a characteristic that was a single gene trait with one dominant version and one recessive version

75% would have dominant phenotype and 25% would have the recessive phenotype

The **ab blood type** is a specific example of which principle of genetics?

==principle of codominance==

a trait that has a range of variation to its phenotype, like eye color, would be an example of which of the following?

a trait controlled by several genes

which of the following would be described as a “carrier” :homozygous individual that shows signs of the disorder, heterozygous individual that shows signs of the disorder, homozygous individual that does not show signs of the disorder, a heterozygous individual that does not show signs of the disorder, or males who have the sex linked, X-chromosome disorder

a heterozygous individual that **does not** show signs of the disorder

a autosomal disorder in humans would refer to which of the following?

any disorder that is caused by a mutation in the nucleotide sequence of a gene found on chromosome 1-22

which of the following would **not** be an example of epigenetics : laying out in the sun, different temp. in a turtle nest determining the gender of the offspring, males being more suseptible to sex-linked disorders, a mother being stressed during her pregnancy resulting with behavioral issues in her child, or all of the above are examples

males being more susceptible to sex-linked disorders

what terms refers to a gene, that when mutated, has multiple effects, in multiple areas, of the body?

pleiotropic

in the article concerning Down syndrome, what was the discovery that the scientists made cornering gene expression in the neural progenitor cells, or the cells that eventually form neural cells of the nervous system

genes from every chromosome were over expressed