Final

What is an atomic number?

amount of protons

What is the nucleus

Central part of an atom

Proton

positively Charged Proton

Land Breeze

Breeze moves from land to sea in middle of night

Cold Front

Cold air quickly advances into area of warmer air

Sea Breeze

Breeze moves from sea to land in the afternoon

Land Breeze

Breeze moves from land to sea in middle of night

Warm, tmperate climate (Koppen)

Moist, midlatitude climate with mild wwinter (capital

Electron

NEgatively charged particle surrounding nucleus

Proton

Positively cahrged particle in nucleus

Ion

An atom with either extra electrons or missing electrons

Oxygen and Silicon

Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust

Silicates

Most plentifuil mineral group

Intrusive rock

Rock formed/cooled inside Earth

Extrustive rock

rock fromed/cooled on the surface

Fine-grained rock

Rock that cooled fast

Coarse grained rock

Rock that cooled slowly

Moh Scale

Ranks hardness of minerals

Bowne's reacton series

Ranks cystallization at different temperatures

Limestone

Example of sedimentary rock

Basalt

Example of igneous rock

Slate

Example of metamorphic rock

Alfred Wegener

Person who proposed continental drift theroy

Pangea

Supercontinent of c200 million years ago

Gondwana

Large continent of southern hemisphere after breakup of Pangea

Laurasia

Large continent of northern hemisphere after breakup of Pangaea

Divergent boundary

Lithosphere is created

Convergent boundary

Lithosphere is subducted

Hot-spot

Rising plume of mantle forms volcanos in the middle of technoic plates

Ring of fire

Area of abundant tectnoic activity around the Pacific Ocean

Wide Waterways

Waterway characterized by erosion on the sides

Acquifer

A permeable layer of material which olds ground water

Leaching

Fast, often unwanted, movement of material downward through the soil

Vadose Zone

Zone that is unsaturated

Aquiclude

An impermeable layer of material that is not penetrable by ground water

Soils of Tropical Rainforests

Ultisols

Species diversity

Diversity term associated with the words extinction and endangered

Alluvial landform

Landform made by material moved by water

Narrow waterways

Waterway characterized by downcutting

Phreatic Zone

Zone that is saturated

Local Base Level

The level at which a stream dumps into a pond

Biomass

Dried weight of all living matter in an area

Bed Load

Skipping and rolling rocks within a waterway

Biotic variable

An ecological variablesd that is living

Soils of Temperate Grasslands

Mollisols

Biome

A large area with generally similar flora, fauna, and climate

Vertisols

A soil with a lot of clay and shrinking and swelling

Dissolved Load

Ions in soultion within a waterway

Oxbow

Alluvial landform similar to a cutooff, but is typically died-up

Cutoff

ALluvial landform that is like a natural moat, a meander that's been disconnected

Habitat Diversity

Diversity term assocaited with the variety of types of places where life exists

Ultimate Base Level

Sea level

Genetic diversity

Diversity term that is directly realted to number of populations

Floodplain

Alluvial landform: Belt of low, flat ground subject to indundation by flood

Aeolian landform

Landform mde by material moved by wind

Spodosols

A soil that develops under the coniferous forest of the northeast, very acidic

Aridisols

A soil associated with very dry areas, sandy in color and texture

Abiotic Variable

An ecological variable that is not living, such as temperature

Meander

Alluvial landform that is a sweeping b end in a waterway

Permafrost

Layer of permanently frozen soil

What are the 8 most common rock forming elements?

Olive, Pyroxene, Ampibole, Micas, Feldspars, Quarts, Calcite

Second most plentiful mineral group

Quartz

What's the economic importance of sedimentary rocks?

Coal, Petroleum

What are two groups of sedimentary rocks?

Detrial rocks, Chemical rocks

Examples of sedimentary rocks

Limestone, Microcrystalliane Quartz

Features of sedimentary rocks

Strata, Beds, Fossils

How are metamphoric rocks produced?

Either by Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and other metaphoric

Metamorphic rocks

Rocks that can be change

Types of metamoprhic textures

Folitaed texture and Non folicated texture

Foliated Texure

Parallel alignment, perpendiculat to the compressional

Nonfoilated Texture

Contain equidimensional crystals, resemble a corase grained igneous rock

Foliated rocks

Schist, Genesis

Nonfoilted rocks

Marble, Quartzite

What are three rock types

Igneous rock, Sedimentary, Metaphmorhic

What defines how fast minerals crystalizes

Bowen Chart

Difference between granitic ropcks and Felsic

Granitic rocks are composed entirely of quartz and feldspar

Felsic is composed of feldspar and silica , and oxygen mineral

How abundant are sedimentary rocks

about 75% of all rocks on surface on the continents

What period are we in

Holocene Epoch, of the Quaternary Period, in the Cenozoic Era (of the Phanerozoic Eon)

Evidence of Continental Drift

the supercontinet, Pangaea or Pangea

KT extiction

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and the end of the Mesozoic Era

What are the layers of the earth?

Lithosphere and Asthenophere

Lithosphere

brittle (not the same as boundaries)

Asthenospher

Guey Plastic

Most famous example of transform faults?

San Andreas Fauilt

Stratovolcano

Most deadly, explosive reuptions because high silicates

Most famous example of continental drift

Mid Atlatic Ridge - north atlatic ocean

Lascar Volcano

Viscous (thick)

What is volcanic soil

soil that is enhances by fallen ash clouds by substrates

What's frost edging

breaks apart rocks into small pices, aiding wheathering because of increased surface area

What dictates the rate of weathering

cliamte, tophraphy, hardness of rock, surface area

Eluviaton

when sand and courase silt forms a layer in the soil below the surface

Illuviation

when finer mienral and organic nmaterial forms a layer in the soil the surface

Organic matter is also known has

humus

Sand Texture

Gritty feeling large particles of rocks and minerals

Silt

smooth silky feeling small particles of rock and minerals

Clay

sticky feeling

What happens when soil has a lot of sand in it

water will move thorugh it quickly

Why is texture important

determeines soil abity to retain water

Texonomy

the scientific study of naming, definig and classfying geoups based on shared characteristics

What are the types of soil

Ultisols, Vertisols, Mollisols, Alifols, Spodosols, Histosols, Aridsols, Entisols, Andrisols, Inceptisols, Gelsols, Oxisols