digest & urinary

Digestive & Urinary

What nutrients does the body require?

Carbohydrates
Protein
Dietary fibre
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

Main components of the digestive system

Mouth, Stomach, Small intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Oesophagus, Gallbladder, colon (large intestine), rectum, anus

What are the 3 medial abdominal region (top-bottom)

Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region

What are the 3 abdominal regions on the right?

R hypochondriac region
R lumbar region
R iliac region

What are the 3 abdo regions on the L

L hypochondriac region
L lumbar region
L iliac region

Main functions of the digestive system

Ingestion
Secretion
Mechanical processing
Absorption
Digestion
Excretion

The mouth has two pallets, what are they?

hard and soft pallets

What do the salivary glands do?

Secrete enzymes to breakdown carbohydrate starches

The mouth contains which pharynx structure?

Oropharynx

The tongue is situated where, and is what?

Mouth, muscle

The structure of the oesophagus is

hollow collapsible muscular tubeW

Where does the oesophagus sit?

Posterior to trachea

how long is the oesophagus?

25cm by 2cm at widest point

How does the oesophagus convey food?

wavelike motion called peistalsis

What does the oesophagus enter the stomach through?

cardiac sphincter

The cardiac sphincter prohibits food from

travelling back up

What is the stomachs structure?

muscular, elastic J shaped bag

Dimensions of stomach

30cm long by 15cm wide

What lines the stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

What are the stomachs layers of muscle?

Oblique, circular, longitudinal

pH of stomach?

1.2-4.5

What cells secrete HCL?

Parietal cells

Stomach's chief cells secrete

pepsinogen (protease)

The small intestine is comprised of

3 main structural parts

The duodenum is

25cm

Function of duodenum

receives secretions from liver and pancreas to breakdown nutrients

Jejunum length

2.4m

Ileum length

3.6m

How long is the small intestine in average humans?

6m

Why is the small intestine called "small"

2.5-3cm in diameter

Small intestine function

Huge surface area allows digestion and absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes

Small intestine surface area is increased by

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

The small intestine has different systems for

extracting water and electrolytes, glucose, peptides and amino acids

Where does the pancreas lie?

posterior to stomach

The pancreas is primarily an

exocrine organ

Pancreas size?

15cm, pinky/grey colour

The pancreas is the

main enzyme producing gland of digestive system

The liver is the

largest gland and solid organ in body

How many lobes does the liver contain?

2, L+R

Both the livers lobes are separated by the

falciform ligament

What colour is the liver?

Dark-reddish brown in colour

Liver weight

1.8kg men, 1.3kg women

Where does the liver receive blood from?

Hepatic artery

The liver is unable to generate cells rapidly

false

The liver holds x% of blood supply

13%

What is the livers function?

more than 200 but 3 main
metabolic regulation
haematological regulation
bile production

Bile is produced where

liverB

What colour is bile?

dark green-yellowish

Bile makeup

85% water, 10% salt mucous and pigments

Aids digestion of lipids

Bile

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

Gall bladder is

pear shaped organ

Gall bladder location

posterior to R lobe of liver

What is the colon length?

1.5cm

1st part of colon?

caecum

colon parts

ascending colon (travels up R side)
Transverse colon (runs across)
Descending colon (down L side)
sigmoid colon short curving just before rectum

The colon absorbs

water and electrolytes

These aid the colons movement

muscles

The colon is an important source of vitamins

true

The rectum and anus is the last Xcm of large intestine

15cm

Last inch of rectum is

anal canal

Internal anal sphincter is

smooth muscle

External anal sphincter is

striated skeletal muscle

The opening of sphincters is known as

anus

Urinary system components

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Primary functions of urinary system

Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic regulation

Anatomical location of kidneys

within abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal (encapsulated)

The kidneys are located X of the vertebral column

either side

Kidneys are located between Tx and L

T12 and L3

Which kidney sits higher?

Left

Gross anatomy of kidney

Paired, bean shaped
reddish brown

What arteries supply the kidney

renal via hilum

What is the typical size and weight of kidneys

10cm long, 5cm wide, 3cm thick
150g

Kidneys receive x% of total cardiac output

20-25%

How much blood flows through kidneys per min?

1200mls/min

Kidneys and ureters are innervated by what nerves

renal nerves

Kidneys role in homeostasis

Water balance
Electrolyte balance
Removal of waste
pH of blood
Hormone production

Each Nephron contains

glomerulus - semi permeable filter
tubule - processes filtrate
Collecting duct - formed urine passes into renal pelvis

Ureters are how long

30cm, formed muscular tubes

3 layers of ureters

inner mucosal
middle layer
outer connective tissue layer

Ureters have peristaltic contractions about

every 30s

The urinary bladder is a

hollow muscular organ with 3 layers

Urinary bladder is a reservoir for

urine

What are the death pHs?

6.8, 7.8

Chemical buffers

act immediately to protect tissues and cells
1st line

Respiratory buffers

are 2nd line defence of acid base imbalances. Chemoreceptors adjust accordingly

Renal buffer

long term adjustment, reabsorb or excrete acids and bases. Can produce bicarbs to replenish supplies

Where can fluid be?

Intracellular (inside cell)
Extracellular (outside cell)

To maintain homeostasis, distribution of fluid must be

relatively constant

Intracellular fluid makes up

40% adults body weight (28kg)E

Extracellular fluid makes up

20% adults weightU

Interstitial fluids accounts for

75% of extracellular

Intravascular fluid is

25% of extracellular

Average daily input vs output of fluid

2600ml Vs 2600ml

Renin + Angiotensin =

Angiotensin 1

Angiotensin 1 + ACE =

Angiotensin 2

Angiotensin 2 is a widespread

vasoconstrictor, increasing BP and decreasing HR (homeostasis)

RAAS causes anti-x to be released

anti-diuretic

Anti diuretic release means we retain

sodium

Sodium retention means water

retention