AP Human Geography

nation-state

state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity (iceland, japan)

S.A.D.D.

shape, area, distance, direction (ways maps can be distorted with different map projections)

mercator: accurate shape/directions, distorted near poles

robinson: small distortion overall

geospatial data

all information including physical features and human activities

G.I.S.

Geographic Information Systems- map combining layers of spatial data to see geographical patterns

remote sensing

type of geographic data collection; process of taking pictures of the Earth's surface (satellites); provides understanding of Earth's geography over large distances

GPS

Global Positioning System- uses data from satellites to pinpoint a location/find directions

reference maps

shows landforms and places without data

political- states, countries, capitals \n physical- natural features

thematic maps

shows spatial patterns using data

choropleth- shading

dot-density- variety of same sized dots

graduated/proportional symbol- different sized symbols

cartogram- distorted size

isoline- lines connect areas of equal value

spatial map patterns

arrangement of a feature in space (clustered, dispersed, concentrated)

distance decay

likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance

time-space compression

the increasing sense of connectivity; reduces impact of distance decay (technological advancements)

diffusion

process by which a characteristic spreads

environmental determinism

historic theory that the environment (climate and landforms) controls how society is formed/limits growth; justifies racism

environmental possibilism

modern theory that acknowledges limitations imposed by the environment, but says humans respond and adapt to fit their needs (ex. Palm Islands, terracing, Hoover Dam)

scale of analysis

global

regional

national

local (county, city)

map shows national scale of analysis

large scale map

shows a small area with large detail (1:24,000 is 1 inch to 24,000 ft)

small scale map

shows a large area with small detail (1:5,000,000)

functional/nodal region

area organized around a node/focal point and diminishes in importance outward (airlines, newspaper, amazon deliveries)

formal/uniform region

area marked by a shared common trait (physical, cultural)

vernacular/perceptual region

area perceived differently by people, exists as an idea (Middle East, Midwest, Kurdistan)

absolute vs relative

quantitative vs qualitative

direction- compass directions vs left/right

location- latitude/longitude vs relationship to another place

distance- miles/kilometers vs spatial connections/movement between places (travel time)

how is geographic data used at different scales?

personal- where do i want to live (crime, schools, income level) \n business- needed products, who are main customers, location of stores \n organization- needs of community/how to provide services \n government- voting districts, school placement

demographic transition model

model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

\
stage 1- high cbr, cdr (zero nir)

stage 2- high cbr, rapidly decreasing cdr (high nir)

stage 3- rapidly decreasing cbr, decreasing cdr

stage 4- low cbr, cdr (zero population growth)

stage 5- low cbr, slightly higher cdr (decreasing population)

epidemiologic transition model

model of the causes of death in each stage of the DTM

stage 1- famine, plague, infectious diseases, no medicine \\n

stage 2- receding pandemics, improved sanitation/medicine

stage 3- chronic disorders, human-created diseases instead of natural deaths

stage 4- degenerative diseases, improved life choices yet obesity

stage 5- diseases resistant to medication, faster spread with globalization/urbanization/poverty

pandemic

an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

epidemic

widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

economic sectors

primary- extract raw materials from the Earth \n secondary- manufacturers that process raw materials \n tertiary- provision of goods/services for payment \n quarternary- knowledge based; research/information \n quinary- decisions impact lots of people

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

power/wealth in the economy is clustered in core countries (developed) while semi-periphery and periphery countries (less developed) have less access

core countries take advantage of cheap labor/materials in periphery countries; creates a cycle of exploitation where LDCs can't advance

Brandt Line Theory/North-South Divide

spatial analysis of development; says MDCs are in the northern hemisphere and LDCs are in the southern hemisphere (old theory proved wrong with the development of newly industrialized cities in the southern hemisphere)

arithmetic population density

population/land area

generalization; does not account for uneven population distribution

physiological population density

population/arable land

maximum population that can be supported without damaging the land (overpopulated?)

agricultural population density

farmers/arable land

indicates development; more farmers per arable land means less developed

ecumene

portion of Earth where people are settled

physical- too dry, wet, high, cold \n cultural- access to education, health care, entertainment \n historical- where humans sustained/flourished

demography

the study of population

natural increase rate

NIR/RNI; (birth rate - death rate/10); positive NIR --\> growing population, negative NIR --\> shrinking population

total fertility rate

average number of children a woman will have

dependency ratio

number of people too old/young to work compared to number of productive workers (youth/elderly dependency rate)

crude birth/death rate

number of births/deaths per year per 1,000 people alive

gross domestic product

total value of goods/services in a country's borders in one year

infant mortality rate

number of deaths among children in their first year per 1,000 births in a year

census

official count of population; taken every 10 years

Thomas Malthus (malthusian theory)

said population would grow geometrically and food supply would grow arithmetically, eventually leading to a point of crisis (lived during the Industrial Revolution with population boom)

neo-malthusian theory

general idea of malthusian theory; too many people on the planet strips earth's finite resources (advocate for contraceptives/family planning to keep low populationsoigggggg

Boserup's theory

said food supply is impacted by population growth; as population increases, humans will develop new technologies to increase food supply production

carrying capacity

largest population an area can support without harming the environment

interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another (rural to urban)

intraregional migration

movement within one region (older cities to newer suburbs)

pro-natalist population policies

policies designed to help grow the population (concerns about aging population)

anti-natalist population policies

policies designed to slow population growth (overpopulation, limited resources); results in unintended consequences like forced abortions, abandonment of children, skewed sex ratios/sex-selective abortions

immigration policies

policies/regulations of a state designed to control who can move in (quotas, authorizations, refugee acceptances)

transnational migration

migration from one country to another over international borders

transhumance migration

traditional seasonal movement of livestock (highlands in the summer and lowlands in the winter)

chain migration

immigrants who migrate based on recommendation/reunification of family/friends

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs through a series of smaller movements

brain drain

large-scale emigration of talented people from LDC to MDC

guest workers

migrants who travel internationally to find work as temporary laborers

ESPN push/pull factors

economic- jobs opportunity, wages \n social- freedom, gender roles (men more likely to migrate), persecution, family ties \n political- war, peace, discrimination \n environmental- climate, natural disaster, crop failure

refugee

person forced to migrate to avoid conflict (war, human rights violations), can't return for fear of persecution (race, religion, political opinion, etc.)

internally displaced person

person forced to migrate to avoid conflict (war, human rights violations), has not crossed an international border

asylum seeker

person that migrates in hope of being recognized as a refugee/granted protection in another country

intervening obstacle

environmental/political feature that hinders migration (long, expensive passage)

intervening opportunity

opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling (significant other, job)

remittance

transfer of money back to a country a migrant emigrated from (important source of wealth for developing countries)

doubling time

years required to double a population with a constant NIR (70/growth rate)

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1\. typically a short distance

2\. occurs in steps

3\. urban areas attract more long distance/rural migrants

4\. every migration has a counter-migration

5\. young/single adults are more likely to migrate than families (and across national borders)

6\. females are more migratory domestically, males are more migratory over long distances

7\. mostly due to economic factors

8\. urban areas grow by migration, not by NIR

9\. increases economic development

10\. increases with advancements in technology/transportation/infrastructure 

culture

shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, technologies of a society

cultural landscape

natural landscape modified by humans, reflecting cultural beliefs/values (visible imprint)

artifact

physical/visible objects created by a culture (houses, clothing, architecture, toys, tools, furniture)

sociofact

the ways in which a society behaves/organizes institutions (family, school/education, government, religion, land use, gender roles)

mentifact

the abstract central ideas/beliefs/values/knowledge of a culture (language, religious beliefs, food preferences, taboos)

local/traditional culture

small/homogenous group of people living in isolated rural areas; unlikely to change/experience effects of globalization

global/popular culture

large/heterogeneous group of people living in interconnected urban areas through globalization

cultural relativism

unbiased viewing of another culture; promotes cultural understanding

ethnocentrism

judging other cultures in terms of one's own cultural standards; belief that one culture is superior

sequent occupancy

succession of societies leaving cultural imprints contributing to the overall cultural landscape (modern + historic)

ethnic neighborhoods/enclaves

people of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location; place retains cultural distinction from surrounding area

centripetal forces

characteristics that unify a country and provide stability (common language, ethnicity, religion)

centrifugal forces

characteristics that divide a country and create instability/conflict/violence (multiple ethnicities, languages, religions)

relocation diffusion

spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people (colonization, missionaries)

expansion diffusion

spread of a cultural trait through the interaction of people

hierarchial diffusion

type of expansion diffusion; spread of a cultural down a system from the most interconnected/powerful/wealthy to others; reverse hierarchial diffusion is opposite (tattoos, hiphop, walmart)

contagious diffusion

type of expansion diffusion; spread of a cultural trait rapidly/widely from its hearth through close contact with people (time-space compression, globalization, ex. viral videos)

stimulus diffusion

type of expansion diffusion; alterations made to a cultural trait as it is spread (McDonalds around the world)

lingua franca

common language adopted by speakers of different languages; language of international communication is English

pidgin language

simplified form of a lingua franca made by mixing it with another group's native language

creole language

language resulting from the mixing of two languages (a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated)

imperialism

idea of dominance of one country over another through economic/political control

colonialism

practice of a powerful country establishing settlements in a less powerful country for economic/political gain

neocolonialism

modern form of colonialism not by occupation but by political/economic/cultural influence of a weaker state (usually former colony) by a more powerful one (China and Africa)

cultural convergence

process of cultures coming into contact with each other/adapting each others' traits to become more alike as globalization increases

cultural divergence

process of cultures becoming less alike due to cultural/physical barriers (Amish restrict contact with others to retain originality)

origin theories of language diffusion

sedentary farmer- language diffused through farmers relocating

nomadic warrior- language diffused through nomadic movement and conquest

universalizing religion

religion that attempts to be global/appeal to all people no matter location or culture (spread through expansion/relocation diffusion: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

ethnic religion

religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place (spread through relocation diffusion/stayed near hearth: Judaism, Hinduism)

assimilation

process of people losing their original cultural traits and adopting those of a dominant culture

acculturation

process of people adjusting to/adopting a dominant culture while retaining aspects of their original culture

syncretism

blending of cultures to form a new culture

multiculturalism

tolerance/acceptance of various cultures coexisting in a society

state

has defined territory/borders, permanent population, recognition from other states

nation

group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits (language, religion, ethnicity)