Human Biology Final Exam

When you eat your dinner each evening, you are best demonstrating which property of life?

need for energy

The ability of the body to keep blood pressure, body temperature, and other internal conditions within a relatively narrow range is called:

homeostasis

In a negative feedback system the response of the effector

eliminates the original stimulus

Which of the following is a domain?

eukarya

In taxonomy, the "Homo" part of Homo sapiens is the:

genus

What does a scientist do after making observations?

formulate a hypothesis

Evolution, cell theory, and germ theory are considered to be theories because

they are well-supported explanations of the natural world that have not been disproved

Humans and primates share which of the following characteristics?

opposable thumb

Which of the following statements is correct?

hominids and chimpanzees share a common ancestor

The study of interactions between the living and non-living components of a defined area is called

ecology

Autotrophs

make food for themselves by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

An organism that consumes decaying matter is called

a detrivore

Which collection of elements are the most common in the human body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

The atomic number is equal to

the number of protons

Which description of Ca2+ is most accurate?

a cation that has lost two electrons

How many electrons are in the valence shell of the atom shown here?

Five

The high specific heat of water makes it

a good temperature buffer

Which of the following chemical bonds is the weakest?

hydrogen

What makes an acid different from a base?

acids contain more hydrogen ions than bases

Glucose belongs to which category of carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

What would happen if the active site of an enzyme had a different 3D shape?

the enzyme would not be functional

The cell theory includes all of the following tenets except:

cells are made up of similar shapes and sizes

A key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that

eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not

The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of:

phospholipids, with proteins and sugars interspersed

Small, lipid-soluble materials enter and exit the cell via:

diffusion

What is the key difference between active and passive transport?

active transport requires energy in the form of ATP

A red blood cell placed into a hypertonic solution will

shrivel or crenate

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal structures, they are responsible for cellular locomotion and intracellular movements during cell division.

microfilaments

Which of the following organelles contain digestive enzymes used in the decomposition of biomolecules or worn out cellular organelles?

lysosome

What type of tissue lines the cavities of the body?

epithelial

Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the human body?

connective

Which of the following muscles are under involuntary control?

smooth and cardiac

What type of nervous tissue constitutes the supporting cells?

neuroglia

What is the function of the endocrine system?

regulating growth and development

The forehead is ______ to the chin

superior

The heart is located in the ______ cavity

thoracic

Which type of cell is responsible for laying down new bone?

osteoblast

The "shaft" of the long bone is more correctly called the ______

diaphysis

The first step of endochondral ossification is

a hyaline cartilage model forms

What is the first step in repairing a broken bone?

a hematoma forms

What is the neurotransmitter that acts at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

The sliding filament theory is best used to describe the mechanics of

muscle contraction

Which pathway produces the most ATP?

aerobic pathway

What structural unit is defined by the borders called Z-lines?

sarcomere

What is the function of the afferent part of the peripheral nervous system?

transmit information from different receptors

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

conscious movement

What is a typical resting potential for neurons?

-70 mV

Depolarization of a membrane begins with the

opening of sodium channels

The primary visual and visual association areas are located in the ______ lobe of the cerebrum

occipital

Which nervous system division is referred to as the "fight or flight" system?

sympathetic nervous system

What kind of receptor do our eyes use to detect light?

photoreceptor

What is olfaction?

sense of smell

Which of the bones of the middle ear is attached to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

malleus (hammer)

Which of the following is the organ of hearing?

organ of corti

The cornea is part of the ______ of the eye.

fibrous layer

What holds the retina in place?

the vitreous humor

This picture demonstrates which of the following conditions?

nearsightedness

Which of the following may be corrected by using a hearing aid?

conduction deafness

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is

skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following is part of our innate (non-specific) immune system?

fever

The epidermis is composed of which of the following tissue types?

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Which chemical addresses a viral infection?

interferon

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?

getting the flu from work or school

Antigen presentation by a macrophage is essential for the activation and clonal selection of:

T cells

What type of cells actively produce antibodies?

plasma cells

Which event is characteristic of the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

release of epinephrine

Post-traumatic stress disorder looks like which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

resistance phase

A disease outbreak where the disease is not traditionally found is called ______

an epidemic

Which of the following is a mode of action of antibiotics?

blockage of DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria

Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

flagella allow bacteria to escape the antibiotic

Which of the following is an example of a virus?

influenza

The dormant phase of virus infection is called the ______ cycle.

lysogenic

Why has it been difficult to make a vaccine against HIV?

the HIV virus mutates too quickly for a vaccine to be effective

The bubonic (Black) plague is caused by ______

bacteria

How is TB transmitted between people?

airborne droplets

Cancer can be defined as

cells that divide uncontrollably

How does the immune system defend against cancer?

T and NK cells target cancer cells

Genes that promote cell growth are called ______

pro-oncogenes

When cancer migrates from an original tumor it is called ______

metastasis

How are cancers classified?

by location and the type of tissue

The majority of cancers caused by an environmental factor are because of ______

smoking

Which kind of pathogen can initiate cancer?

virus

The flow of blood from the right side of the heart through the lungs and back to the left atrium is called

pulmonary circulation

Where does blood in the pulmonary veins travel next?

left atrium

What is the name of the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart?

arteries

What does the graph (above) represent?

the electrical events during one cardiac cycle

What is the purpose of precapillary sphincters?

they change the amount of blood flowing into capillary bed.

Which of the following is a formed element of the blood?

platelets

The component of plasma that maintains the osmotic pressure of blood is

protein

What type of blood may be given to a person with type A blood?

A and O

The threads (mesh) of a blood clot are formed by

fibrin

What type of anemia is due to a Vitamin B12 deficiency?

pernicious anemia

Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to ______

speak

The conducting zone of the respiratory system performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:

exchange gases

Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory zone?

alveoli

Which one of the following does NOT happen during inhalation?

relaxation of external intercostal muscles increases the size of thoracic cavity

The volume of air during each normal breath is called the ______

tidal volume (TV)

The exchange of gases between the blood and the systematic cells of the body is called ______

internal respiration

the pH of blood is influenced by the concentration of ______

carbon dioxide

Which disorder is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls?

emphysema