Anatomy Spring Final Review (MCQ)

1. Ch. 6- What is the corpus callosum?

Corpus Callosum is a large fiber tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

2. The function of the cerebellum?

The functions of the cerebellum is to control balance/posture and equilibrium, Coordination of body movements and fluid contraction of skeletal muscle, Alcohol affects coordination via the cerebellum

3. The function of the interneuron?

The function of the interneuron is to play a role in reflex arc-allow quicker response without involving the brain, and it connects sensory and motor neurons

4. What are ganglia?

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system that connect different parts of the nervous system

5. The events, in order, of a nerve impulse.

1) resting membrane is polarized 2)stimulus initiates local depolarization 3) depolarization and generation of an action potential 4) propagation of the action potential 5) repolarization 6) initial ionic conditions restored

6. What is a neurotransmitter?

the body's chemical messenger, transmitting signals between nerve cells and target cells to regulate essential bodily functions

7. What part of the brain is responsible for speech?

Speech is controlled by the left hemisphere, specifically the Broca's area(frontal lobe) for producing speech and framing words and the Wernicke area(temporal lobe) for understanding language

8. The function of the hypothalamus? (nervous system)

The hypothalamus acts as the bodys primary control center for maintaing homestasis (internal balance) its links the endocrine and nervous systmes and regualtes essetaionals such as: temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, emotions and sexual development

9. The function of the medulla oblongata?

The medulla oblongata regulates involuntary, life sustaining functions, its the control center for: breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure and controls reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing and coughing

10. The order/sequence of nerves as they exit the spinal cord.

The order and sequence of nerves as they exit the spinal cord are (superior-inferior) 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

11. Ch. 10- What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?

The hormone that controls the rate of erthyrocyte production is erythropoeiten

12. What protein coagulates to form a clot?

The protein that coagulates to form a clot is fibrin

13. What is agglutination?

The clumping together of particles, such as bacteria or red blood cells, when antibodies bind to antigens on their surfaces.

14. The prevalence, in order, of all leukocytes (the monkey pneumonic)

"Never let monkeys eat bananas" This corresponds to Neutrophils (60–70%), Lymphocytes (20–30%), Monocytes (1–6%), Eosinophils (1–3%), and Basophils (<1%)

15. Why applying sterile gauze helps a cut?

It acts as multi-functional tool that controls bleeding, prevents infection, and creates the right enviroment for your body to repair itself; aids in fibrin clot formation

16. What is coagulation?

liquid blood transforms into a solid gel, forming a clot to stop bleeding from injured vessels

17. What organ synthesizes clotting factors?

Liver

18. Blood typing/transfusion rules.

All blood types have certin antigens on the surface. O+ is the universal donor and can give blood to anyone AB can recive blood from anyone A can only give to A and AB and get from O A AB and B can only Give to b And ab O can only get blood from o

19. What is hemolysis?

The destruction of red blood cells. (Erythrocytes).

20. What serum is used to prevent sensitization to Rh antigens?

Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM), always stops sensitization from occuring.

21. Ch. 11- What is systemic circulation?

The circuit of vessels supplying oxygenated blood to and returning deoxygenated blood from tissues of the body.

22. What vessel nourishes the myocardium with oxygenated blood?

The coronary arteries are the vessels that supply the myocardium (heart muscle) with oxygenated blood, nourishing it so it can function.

23. What is the SA node?

The SA (sinoatrial) node is the heart's natural pacemaker, a small cluster of specialized cells located in the upper right atrium that generates electrical impulses to set the heart's rhythm.

24. What structures (in veins) prevent backflow?

Venous valves are the primary structures in veins that prevent backflow. These are specialized, one-way, semilunar flaps (leaflets) composed of elastic tissue and intima, located inside the veins, particularly in the limbs.

25. The function of the superior and inferior vena cavae.

They are the primary conduits for returning deoxygenated blood to the heart's right atrium for oxygenation.

26. What vessel drains the digestive organs of blood for transport to the liver?

The hepatic portal vein is the vessel that drains blood from the digestive organs (stomach, small and large intestines), as well as the pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen, to transport it directly to the liver. This unique "portal" arrangement allows the liver to filter toxins and process nutrients before the blood returns to the general systemic circulation.

27. The relationship between blood pressure/osmotic pressure and fluids at the capillary bed.

The movement of fluids across capillary walls is governed by the balance between blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) and osmotic pressure. [1, 2]

28. The path of an impulse via the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.

SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers

29. What do “lub” and “dup” represent?

They represent the two primary sounds of a beating human heart, made by the sound of closing heart valves.

30. Layers of a typical blood vessel- in order.

(deep to superficial) - tunica intima(endothelium) , tunica media(smooth muscle), and tunica externa (connective tissue)

31. Ch. 9- The serous membrane layers of the lungs.

Visceral Pleura (directly lines), Parietal Pleura (lines cavity), Pleural Cavity (space between),

32. What comprises the respiratory zone?

Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli (air sacs)

33. What is external respiration?

External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood within the surrounding pulmonary capillaries.

34. What is formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water?

Carbonic Acid

35. What brain structures control respiratory and breathing rates?

Medulla Oblongata and Pons

36. What is the pathway for airflow through the respiratory system?

As your lungs expand, air is sucked in through your nose or mouth. The air travels down your trachea, or windpipe, and into your lungs. After passing through your bronchial tubes, the air travels to the alveoli, or air sacs.

37. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged through the respiratory membrane?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane (alveolar-capillary membrane) through passive diffusion, driven by partial pressure differences.

38. What lipid molecule is critical to lung function at the alveolar surfaces?

surfactants

39. What is a collapsed lung?

pneumothorax

40. How is carbon dioxide most often transported in blood plasma?

in a form of bicarbonate ions

41. Ch. 13- What effect does hydrochloric acid have on pepsinogen?

it activates pepsinogen and turns it into pepsin; an enzyme that is used to digest protien.

42. What designates the proximal and distal ends of the small intestine?

The duodenum designates the proximal end of the small intestine with the pyloric sphincter and the ilieum designates the distal end with the ileocecal value.

43. The functions of the small intestine.

The function of the small intestine is to absorb and digest.

44. The purpose of mastication?

Mastication (chewing): for breaking down food into pieces small enough to swallow.

45. What process moves food along the digestive tract?

Peristalsis

46. What primarily controls digestion?

The parasympathetic nervous system

47. What are the constituents of pancreatic juice?

Water, electrolytes, and enzymes

48. What is the function of Peyer’s patches?

Peyer's patches capture and destroy bacteria in the intestines, preventing blood access.

49. What is the importance of Intrinsic factor?

it is a protein that is produced in the stomach that essential for absorbtion of vitamin B12 in small intestine

50. What are rugae?

Rugae internal folds of the mucosa which allow the stomach to stretch. They are present when the stomach is empty.

51. Ch. 12- What is complement fixation?

Complement proteins bind to an antigen-antibody complex. This makes a positive result for infection, whoch is used to diagnose bacterial or viral diseases.

52. What is the function of the spleen?

Filters blood and activates immune response if necessary. It has white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp has lymphocytes which moniotor blood flowing and in the red pulp there are macrophages that destroy old, worn out blood cells, and also remove pathogens or disease causing agents. Located in the abdomen below the diaphragm, also the largest lymphatic organ in the body.

53. What is the body’s first line of defense?

Innate immune system

54. What are interferons?

Proteins released by cells that have been infected with viruses. They interfere with virus reproduction.

55. What is an antigen?

An antigen is a protein on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells that is used to identify blood type. The presence of foreign antigens causes the immune system to produce antibodies that mark the foreign cells for destruction.

56. What is another name for Killer T cells?

Cytoxic T cells.

57. The function of the adaptive defense system.

The function of the adaptive defense system is to eliminate pathogens and any toxic molecules that they produce.

58. How humoral immunity is provided.

Humoral immunity is provided by B lymphocytes which produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids to neutralize/destroy pathogens.

59. How plasma cells assist with humoral immunity.

Plasma cells acts as the body's primary anitbody factors as they produce tons of antibodies that then circulate in the bloodstream to neutralize antigens

60. What results from a foreign blood type transfusion?

An immune system response gets triggered and the recipient's antibodies attack the foreign blood cells and this can cause fever, kidney failure, and potentially death.

61. Ch. 14- The functional unit of the kidney.

the nephron

62. Where is filtrate captured when first filtered?

the Bowman's capsule

63. What is found in filtrate?

water, small solutes, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, and waste products like urea and creatinine. There are also electrolytes that include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium

64. What is the trigone?

The trigone is the triangular inner floor of the urinary bladder and is susceptible to bacterial infection.

65. The two urethral sphincters and their functions.

The two urethral sphincters: internal sphincter (autonomic control) and external sphincter (somatic control). The internal and external sphincters function to control the flow of urine, and for males, prevent retrograde ejaculation.

66. What mechanism makes us want to drink water?

The thirst mechanism causes the desire to drink water.

67. What cells in the hypothalamus react to changes in blood composition to release ADH?

Osmoreceptors, cells in the hypothalmus are activated by small changes in blood composition. Results in a dry mouth and a need to drink water.

68. How the kidneys use the buffer system and buffer molecules to control pH.

When pH rises, bicarbonate ions are excreted and hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules. When pH falls, bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed and hydrogen ions are secreted. This helps maintain a normal pH.

69. What is the capillary bed surrounding the renal tubule?

The capillary bed that surrounds the renal tubule is the peritubualr capillaries.

70. All of the sections of the renal tubule.

Proximal Convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted tuble.

71. What is the role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation?

Angiotensin helps with the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism, where blood pressure drops, and renin is made to increase the blood pressure.

72. Why the urinary bladder is able to expand as it fills.

The Urinary Bladder is able to expand as it fills due to the Transitional epithelium.

73. What is the renal hilum?

The renal hilum is the little opening on the innder side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit. (blood vessels and tubes connect to it)

74. What extension of the aorta brings blood into the kidneys?

The renal arteries are the branches that split off from the body's main blood vessel (the aorta) to send blood to each kidney.

75. What are the two functions of the male urethra?

The male urethra serves two functions: carrying urine from the bladder out of the body, and carrying semen out of the body during ejaculation.

76. Ch. 8- What system do water-soluble hormones use to activate target cells?

77. What is the body’s major metabolic hormone?

76 - a second messenger system

77 - thyroid hormone

78. Why is iodine important to the diet?

Iodine is essential to produce thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy, growth, and development

79. What enzyme do the kidneys release to stimulate the release of aldosterone?

80. Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

79 - Kidneys release renine to stimulate the release of aldosterones.

80 - Insulin is a hormone that decreses blood glucose level.

81. What endocrine gland has a close relationship with the hypothalamus?

82. What hormone is released as a result of the “fight or flight” response?

81 - The pituitary gland has a close relationship with the hypothalamus.

82 - Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released during the fight or flight response.

83. How alcohol causes dehydration.

While acting as a diuretic, this inhibits ADH (anti-diuertic hormone) or vasopressin which normally signal the kidney to reabsorb water into the bloodstream but with alcohol it causes excessive urination.

84. What are mineralocorticoids and what do they regulate?

Steroid hormones made in the adrenal cortex and regulates electrolyte + fluid balance

85. What are the male sex hormones?

Androgens: Testosterone (main androgen), dihydrotestosterone (byproduct of testosterone), and estrogen.

86. What is the function of beta and alpha cells?

beta and alpha cells are endocrine cells that manage blood glucose levels. Beta cells produce insulin to lower it, and alpha cells produce glucagon to raise it

87. What is the function of melatonin?

melatonin regulates the body's circadian rhythm. the pineal gland secretes more of it when it's dark, and less when its light.

88. What hormone allows T-cells to gain immunocompetency?

thymic hormones (thymosin and thymopoietin)

89. What do tropic hormones do?

They regulate the growth, maturation, and function of other endocrine glands.

90. How do releasing/inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus work?

Regulate the anterior pituitary by traveling through the hypophyseal portal system to stimulate or suppress the release of specific pituitary hormones

91. Ch. 15- What is the function of the testes?’

Rsponsible for producing sperm and secreting androgens, mainly testosterone

92. The anatomical location of the prostate.

Inferior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum (of a male pelvis).

93. The function of the prostate.

Produces prostatic fluid that makes up 25-30% of semen

94. What activates sperm and where does it come from?

Fructose activates sperm. In addition, progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum) from the egg activates sperm to its hypermotile state. Sperm is produced in the testes; specifically in the seminiferous tubules.

95. How to trace the pathway of sperm during ejaculation.

inmature sperm is stored in the tetis, it moves to the epididymis where it is stored for several days. When ejaculation occurs, sperm is sent from the tail of the epididymis into the deferent duct. From there, it goes up the spermatic cord into the pelvic cavity, then to the ureter to the prostate behind the bladder. Vas deferens join with the semical vesicle to form the ejactulatory duct which passes through the prostate and empties into the erethra all while rhythmic muscle movements propel the sperm forward.

96. What female reproductive organs produce.

They produce eggs and sex hormones like estrogen and proesterone.

97. The function of the fallopian tubes.

The fuction of the fallopian tubes is to capture the ovulated egg, provide the environment for sperm and egg fertilization, and transport the zygote to the uterus

98. The function of the endometrium and what happens to it.

Supports embryo implantation and development. When pregnancy does not occur the functional layer is shed as menstruation.

99. The effects of estrogen.

Effects of estrogen: develops female sexual structures (uterus and endometrium), regulates female menstrual cycle, maintains bone density, maintains healthy cholesterol levels.

100. The effect of oxytocin.

Effects of oxytocin: Stimulates uterus to contract during labor, allows milk to flow when breastfeeding, reduces stress.