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The Greek defeat of Persia did what?

Boosted confidence in Greece and showed that Persia could be beaten.

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 b.c. and 429 b.c. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

Direct Democracy

a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings

Ostracism

in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote

Illiad and Odyssey

Two epic poems written by Homer describing parts of the Trojan War. Greek.

Parthenon

A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

oracle

sacred shrine where priests revealed the future

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

Agora

a public open space used for assemblies and markets

Tragedy

A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character

Socractic Method

style of teaching that uses pointed questions to force students to use reasoning to see things for themselves

Phalanx

a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

tyrant

a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hire

Democracy

"the rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

Oligarchy

"the rule of the few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

Helot

Spartan slave. Enslaved through conquest

Ephores

Five Spartan officials who were responsible of the youth development and conduct of the citizens of Sparta

Arete

in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest

epic poem

a long, narrative poem that is usually about heroic deeds and events that are significant to the culture of the poet

Mycenae

First Greek City State

Athenian women

Had very few rights and were expected to run the home

Spartan women

Had many rights, could own land, were educated, and were expected to be strong to bear children and defend their farms when their husbands were away at war.

Marathon

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

Pheidippides

The man who ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), and then died. "Rejoice! We Win!"

Socraties

Greek Philosopher; focused on logic and reason

Oracle of Delphi

person representing the god Apollo; received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication.

Alexander the Great is known for

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Phillip II

King of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great

Hellenistic Era

the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world

The root meaning of the word "Hellenistic"

"to imitate Greece"

Following Alexander's death his empire

fell apart into four Hellenistic kingdoms. Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt.

Archimedes

Greek scientist who are responsible for inventions such as the Archimedes Screw and Pi

The theory that the sun is the center of the universe was revolutionary because

this is one of the first times in history that the theory was presented.

The library at Alexandria was considered Alexander the Great's biggest triumph because

it became a center of knowledge in the ancient world and contained more than 500.000 scrolls.

Alexander was a proponent of mixing cultures, an example of this is

his encouragement of his soldiers to marry native women.

Alexander ascends the throne at age

20

Alexander dies at the age of

32, from wounds, fever, and alcohol

Macedonia

north of Greece, comprised of small rural villages.

Epicureanism

philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life (relied on being removed from the public)

Stoicism

happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to Macedonia.

Olympians

The 12 Greek gods that lived on the top of Mt. Olympus

Polythiesm

Belief in many gods

Greek Geography

-Mountains caused isolation and the development of independent city-states

-8500 miles of coast lines

-island chains

Cyrus the Great of Persia

king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire. Cyrus ruled the Persian Empire with mercy and respect - the opposite ruling style of the Assyrian Empire.

Darius of Persia

Darius strengthened the government, implementing ideas such as provinces, governors, and tax collectors.

Creates the world's largest empire of 50 Million People

Achievement of the Persian Empire

Royal Road improved communication.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. The religion was based on the concept of good being rewarded and evil being punished

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Satrapy

1 of the 20 provinces that divided the Persian Empire

Satrap

"protector of the Kingdom"; the governor of a province (satrapy)

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

The long Greek coastline encouraged

seafaring and trade

Classic Greek Architecture

Temples were built to honor the god or goddess

Calm and free from unnecessary detail.

Classic Greek Sculpture

Did not aspire to realism

Created a standard ideal beauty

Tyrant

a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics

Democracy

"the rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

Hipocrates

Known as the Father of Medicine. Created the oath that is still sworn by doctors today. Founded a Greek school of medicine.

Trade and expansion brings

contact with other cultures, such as the Phoenicians and their alphabet.

Only _________ could be citizens and take part in government

free men

Mycenean Civilization

The first Greek City-State

The Mycenaean civilization was a loose alliance of independent monarchies.

Royalty occupied fortified, walled palaces.

Athens

center of Greek culture, powerful navy, most populous city-state, limited rights for women.

Sparta

A powerful Greek military polis that was often at war with Athens. Located inland

agricultural in nature

no need for trade or colonies

Culture is designed for making war and was army-focused.

Women had more rights here than in other city-states

Battle of Thermopile

Spartans led by King Leonidas defended against Persian invasion of the Greek mainlands

Helots

Spartan slaves. Made up 60% of the population

Which city state had 2 kings, 5 ephors, and a senate?

Sparta

comedy

Created after tragedy

Aimed at making fun of politicians

Philosophy

-an organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom"

Sophists

-Group of traveling teachers

-argued self-improvement was more important than speculating about the universe.

-emphasized the importance of rhetoric.

Rhetoric

the art of persuasive speaking necessary for winning debates and swaying audiences.

Socrates

-believed that the goal of education was only to improve the individual.

Socratic Method-employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

Plato

-"How do we know what is real?"

-explored the nature of reality and the ideal state or society.

Aristotle

-emphasized analyzing and classifying things via observation and investigation

Delian League/Athenian Empire

(478 BC) an association of about 150 Greek Polis (city-states), under the leadership of Athens, their purpose was to continue fighting in the Persian War after the Battle of Plataea. Athenians took over the leadership of the Greek world by forming a defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian League. Under the leadership of the Athenians, the Delian League pursued the attack against the Persian Empire. By controlling the Delian League, Athens had created an empire.

Tiberius Gracchus

Roman politician who wanted to give state-owned land to the poor and reduce unemployment.

Gaius Gracchus

Roman politician who wanted to extend citizenship to non-Romans, lower food prices, and create more legal rights for farmers.

Causes of unrest in Roman Republic were

• Increasing inequality between wealthy landowners and small farmers

• Increasing urban population of landless poor

• Increasing use of slave labor

• Control of government by wealthy, so that poor had no way to improve their status

In the 2nd century BC the state was run by

the senate who were all wealthy landowners

Wealthy farmers were buying the land of small farmers which created

more landless poor that crowded into urban areas.

Marius

A Roman general who was elected consul. Changed the recruitment for the Roman army so that the landless poor could join