Pyshio Test 3

Behavior

Reading people. Asking for a favor when someone is smiling. Customer service, smiling at a customer so they know you can help them

Automatic Responses

Sympathetic nervous system arousal: Fight or flight reaction

Hormonal responses to stress, threat

Hypothalamus —> Anterior Pituitary Gland —> Adrenal Cortex —> elevates blood sugar and metabolic rate, prepares body to respond

Hypothalamus

releases Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)

Anterior Pituitary Gland

releases AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal Cortex

Releases Cortisol --> Elevates blood sugar and metabolic rate, prepares body to respond

James Lange theory

--> Stimulus → automatic arousal, muscle tension → emotion (label)
--> {Perception leads to particular label of emotion}

Cannon Bard Theory

--> Stimulus → Autonomic arousal, muscle tension (NOT Specific) → Emotion
--> {Both caused by non-conscious effect of stimulus on brain}

What theory does the evidence favor

Evidence favors James Lange Theory

Spinal cord injury

less emotional experience

Locked in syndrome

Damage to brainstem, NO motor function

What does the absence chain look like

Absence of body movement, etc → absence of sensation → Absence of emotionality

What is Appraisal

Appraisal is taking and evaluating what your circumstances are.

Amygdala function

Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear

Anatomy of the Amygdala

Many regions (nuclei)
Central nucleus of the amygdala

Central nucleus of the amygdala

--> Neurons activated by threatening stimuli
--> Receives sensory info from thalamus and cortex

If amygdala (Central nucleous) is stimulated in rats then what happens?

If stimulated in rats → fear behavior, agitation, affective attack

If amygdala (Central nucleous) is damaged what happens?

--> Decreased emotional behaviors
--> Lower levels of stress hormones
--> Decrease in conditioned emotional response (CER)
--> Decrease in emotion enhanced memory formation

What is the Amygdala (Central Nucleus an important site for?

Important site of action for benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drugs (Valium)

Facial Emotional Expression (Ekman)

Emotional expression: innate, unlearned set of facial muscle movements
--> Sadness, happiness, disgust, anger
--> Cross cultural studies, studies with blind (never-sighted) children
--> Left half of face more expressive (Right hemisphere)

Facial Emotional Recognition

Right frontal cortex and amygdala are important

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Damage → indifference, inappropriate social behavior, lack of restraint and inhibitions, decreased emotionally, decreased planning and forethought

Prefrontal Lobotomy, Leucotomy

Moinz, Freeman, and Watts
--> Psychiatric patients
--> Damage to frontal lobes, esp. Orbitofrontal Cortex

Serotonin

Low levels or decreased turnover → aggressiveness

Turnover

Looking how much transmitter is there and how much ongoing activity there is

Testosterone

High levels → aggressiveness

Stimulus

Form of energy ( in the environment)

Sensation

Transformation of energy from a stimulus into neuronal energy

Transduction

Process of sensation in sensory neurons

Perception

Interpretation and Organization of sensation by the mind (or brain)

Top Down processing

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
--> information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

bottom-up processing

the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
--> analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Psychological process

individualized

Sound waves

Frequency → Pitch

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Amplitude

the height of a wave's crest

Loudness

A physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors

Complexity

difficulty; intricacy

Timbre

quality of sound, Tone color

These are the physical parts of hearing

--> Frequency
--> Amplitude
--> Complexity

These are the psychological parts of hearing

--> Pitch
--> Loudness
--> Timbere

Outer Ear (Pinna)

collects sound from air and directs it through the ear canal

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.

--> Eardrum, and the bones that transmit vibrations.. Hammer, Anvil & Stirrup (incus, Malleus & Stapes)

Inner Ear: Cochlea

Snail shaped, filled with fluid

--> Stapes vibrates against oval window of cochlea
--> Contains the Basilar Membrane
--> Action potentials in auditory nerve (CN 8) (to brain)

basilar membrane of cochlea

Hair cells (sensory nerve cells) Move in fluid with vibrations, depolarize, secrete neurotransmitter

Tips to take care of your ear // inner ear

You don't expose yourself to super loud sounds.

Place Theory

High pitched sounds → Travel Shorter distances on basilar membrane

Low Pitched sounds → Travel longer distances on basilar membrane
-->Extremely loud low pitch sounds can produce more hearing loss

Frequency Theory

Number of action potentials proportional to frequency (pitch)

Main pathway for Auditory System

Cochlea → Auditory Nerve (CN (Cranial nerve) #8) → Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus → Mostly crosses midline → Inferior Colliculus → Medial Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus → Primary Auditory Cortex in Temporal Lobe

Physical properties of light

Light acts as a Wave

WAVELENGTH

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

HUE (COLOR)

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light

AMPLITUDE

Height of a wave

BRIGHTNESS

intensity of light

PURITY

SATURATION

the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

physical properties of light non psychological examples

Wavelength, amplitude, purity

Psychological properties of light

Hue, Brightness, Saturation -- these are also perceptions

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Iris

Colored part -- Muscle that opens and closes the Pupil

Pupil

The hole that allows light to enter the eye

Lens

Focuses light
--> Image is inverted (upside down) and Reversed (Mirror image)

Retina

Sensory cells that transduce light into nervous system activity, and other nerve cells

Photoreceptors

Rods (light/dark vision) and Cones (color vision)

Fovea

highest acuity vision, directly behind pupil (all cones)

Optic Disk (blind spot)

Few rods and cones, because optic nerve (CN II) (Axons of retinal ganglion cells) Exits eye

What do photoreceptors contain

Contain visual pigment (Rhodopsin)

Rhodopsin

chemical that breaks apart in light into Retinal and Opsin

Can Rhodopsin be resynthesized

Yes it can, it just takes time

What does Resynthesization of Rhodopsin explain

Explains adaptation after prolonged time in bright light or dark

-->Adjust fast going from dark to light: Rhodopsin breaks down fast
-->Adjust slow going from light to dark: putting Rhodopsin back together takes time

What are the three kinds of cones

Red, Green, and Blue

What are the other cells of the Retina/Photoreceptor

--> Bipolar cells
--> Ganglion Cells
--> Amacrine Cells, Horizontal cells

amacrine cells and horizontal cells

"side-to-side" connections between rods and cones, bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Ganglion Cells

In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve.

--> Output neurons: Axons from optic nerve (CN II)

Do light waves do anything to bipolar cells?

Light waves don't do jack shit to bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells.

--> They don't have visual pigment, they don't care. It doesn't matter to another cell then the rods and cones.

Retinal ganglion cells

Slowly fire action potentials all the time

On-Centre Cells

Respond to lights shone in central region of their receptive fields w/ on firing & to lights shone in periphery of RF w/ inhibition by "off" firing when light is turned off

--> Excited by light in the center of the receptive field.
--> Inhibited by light in edge of receptive field

Off centre cells

Visual neurons that respond to lights shone in the centre of their receptive fields with "off" firing and to lights shone in the periphery of the their receptive fields with "on" firing

--> Inhibited by light in the center of the receptive field.
--> Excited by light at the edge of the receptive field.

Trichromatic theory (young, von Helmholtz)

All colors can be made from red, green and blue (primary colors)

Theory is: Activity in red, green and blue systems combines to allow color vision

--> Fits with numbers and sensitivity of the 3 cones, and color-blindness

Colorblindness

Red, green or blue color blindness (only 2 kinds of functional cones)

Opponent Process Theory (Hering)

--> red / green system
--> Blue / yellow system
--> Colors in each system act in opposition.
--> Excitation of one → inhibition of other
Explains negative after image

Which theory is correct? Is it Trichromantic or Opperant

BOTH theories are (partly correct)

--> Trichromatic explains how rods and cones function
--> Opponent process explains how retinal ganglion cells and brain function

Visual Pathways

--> Info from Both eyes splits into left and right Visual fields
--> Infor goes to thalamus, then goes to visual cortex

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

--> Thalamus = Sensory

Left Visual field

Left visual field → RIght side of retinas in both eyes → travels via optic nerves (through Optic Chiasm) → dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of right Thalamus → Right primary visual cortex (striate cortex of occipital lobe)

Right Visual Field

Right visual field → Left side of retinas in both eyes → travels via optic nerves (through optic chiasm) → Dorsal lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of left thalamus → Left primary visual cortex (Striate cortex of occipital lobe)

Visual processing in the cortex

--> Primary visual cortex (striate cortex of occipital lobe)
--> Topographic Organization: Visual field mapped out (fovea has higher than proportional space)

Output of Visual info to Other Areas of Cortex

--> 2 streams of info from primary visual cortex
--> Dorsal Stream
--> Ventral Stream

Dorsal Stream

Striate cortex to posterior parietal lobe; perception of location and movement

Ventral stream

Striate cortex to inferior temporal lobe; perception of objects

Skin Sense: Touch and Pressure

Sensory receptors (from neurons; many kinds) in skin (and muscle)

Dorsal Column Pathway

Afferent nerves → Dorsal horn of spinal cord → Crosses midline in medulla → Ventral posterior thalamus → 1 increase somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

Skin Sense: Pain and Temperature

Free nerve endings (from neurons)

Spinothalamic Tract

Afferent nerves → Dorsal Horn of spinal cord → Cross midline → ventral posterior thalamus → 1 increase somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

Gate-Control Theory

Ability of the brain to inhibit pain info form reaching it (descending pathway)

Vestibular Sense

--> Sense of balance, position in space
--> Sensory mechanism in inner ear, same nerve as hearing (CN 8)

Semicircular canals

Otolith organs: Utricle and Saccule

otoconia

tiny calcium carbonate stones in the ear that provide inertial mass for the otolith organs, enabling them to sense gravity and linear acceleration

-->In fluid bend cillia of Hair Cells

Where do action potentials occur in semicircular canals

Action potentials in vestibular part of auditory nerve (CN 8) go to areas of brainstem, cerebellum