ANFS240: Lab 3 skeletal Terminology

* Epiphysis
* Diaphysis
* Metaphysis

Parts of the long bone

Define Epiphysis

enlarged ends

Diaphysis

long shaft (body)

Metaphysis

* where the diaphysis & epiphysis meet
* Where the Physis is located in young animals

fossa

a small hollow or depression

*green 4*

condyle

a large prominence (raised area) associated with an articular surface

*red 9*

tuberosity

* very large, usually roughened, process
* not associated with articular surface

*blue 6*

spine (process)

sharp, slender process

*orange 2*

sinus

A space or cavity of air found within a bone

* Joint capsule
* Synovial membrane
* Synovial fluid
* Hyaline cartilage

joint terminology (4)

Foramen

A hole in the bone through which vessels or nerves may travel

Nutrient Foramen

* The hole about midway on the diaphysis of a long bone through which the vessels which supply the bone with nutrients (ie arteries and veins) will travel.

Medulla / Medullary cavity

* The soft inner cavity of the diaphysis
* marrow

Cortical bone

* compact bone
* dense, hard bone
* On a long bone, it is the outermost bone layer which determines the shape of a particular bone.

Cancellous bone

* also known as Spongy bone
* Primarily on the ends, within the epiphyses
* 3d lattice of thin bone, like spider webs
* Allows for some mobility within the epiphysis, to absorb shock
* Participates in producing blood cells – part of the circulatory system

periosteum

* Fibrous covering of bones (cortex)
* Can be peeled off of the bone
* Provides the bone with nutrients
* Allows bone to heal and grow (osteogeny)

* connectition
* motion

What are the 2 types of joints

* fibrous
* cartilaginous
* synovial

3 types of connection joints

define fibrous joint

bones joined by dense connective tissue

* joints are relatively rigid and do not allow for very much motion (if any at all).

Example – sutures (connecting bones of the skull)

define cartilaginous joint

* bones joined by cartilage.
* These joints are relatively rigid and do not allow for very much motion (if any at all).

Example – symphyses (the pelvic symphysis), synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

define synovial joint

* bones that intersect within a fluid-filled cavity and have cartilage lined articular surfaces.
* joints are generally free moving and have a wide range of possible motion.

* Ball and Socket


* Plane
* Condylar

3 types of motion joints

explain ball and socket joint

* a joint with one bone shaped like a ball and the other bone shaped like a cup that the ball fits into.
* The motion of this joint is multidirectional and multiplane. Example: the coxofemoral (hip) joint

explain plane joint

* A joint where bones move in a sliding motion in a single plane relative to each other.

Example: between adjacent vertebra

explain Condylar Joint

* A joint where the bones move in a single plane like a hinge.

Example: the carpus

foramen magnum

* large caudal space where spinal cord exits skull

*blue 12*

orbit

* a space, not a structure
* houses the **eye** & associated structures (not cheek)
* complete in herbivores & incomplete in carnivores

*blue*

oral cavity

* space within the mouth

nasal cavity

the space within the nose

tympanic bulla

* large smooth dome that encloses the middle ear cavity
* below zygomatic arch
* plural = bullae

*green 7*

occipital condyles

* articular prominence on the caudal aspect of the skull that articulates with the first spinal vertebra

*purple 11*

zygomatic arch

* curves laterally away from the braincase
* passes ventral to the orbit
* formed by 2 bones – temporal caudally & zygomatic rostrally

*red*

frontal bone

* rostral part of cranium
* forms entire cranium in pigs and cattle

\#6 orange

nasal bone

* roof of the nasal cavity

*#1 white*

maxillary bone

* lateral part of the face
* part of the hard palate
* holds upper canine and cheek teeth

*#3 blue*

pre-maxillary (incisive)

* most rostral bone in the skull
* upper incisor teeth attached

*#2 purple*

parietal bone

caudal part of roof of cranium

*Light green #7*

zygomatic bone

* caudal to maxillary bone
* forms rostral part of zygomatic arch

*#10 yellow*

temporal bone

* Caudoventral aspect of the skull
* Caudal part of the zygomatic arch

*#9 pink*

occipital bone

* caudal part of skull
* ventral aspect of foramen magnum (large hole where spinal cord exits skull)

*Red #8*

incisors

* I
* most rostral teeth
* Divide up food before bringing into the mouth

canine

* C
* well developed in carnivores
* deeply embedded into the bone

premolar

* P
* rostral cheek teeth

molar

* M
* caudal cheek teeth

body of the mandible

* horizontal; where the lower teeth are attached

*orange*

ramus

* vertical
* holds no teeth

*cyan*

condyloid process

* smooth process that articulates with the mandibular fossa on the skull
* meets at Temporomandibular joint

*blue*

coronoid process

* large prominence at the tip of the ramus where chewing muscles attach

*green*

atlas

* C1 vertebra
* Supports the head
* Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull to atlanto-occipital joint
* Flexion/extension of the head (“yes”)
* No body or spinous process, instead, has wings

axis

* C2 vertebra
* Very large and long dorsal spinous process
* Dens (*green 5*) – peg-like cranial process
* Where it articulates with the axis
* Pivot joint – (“no”)
* axis and atlas articulate at atlanto-axial joint

cervical vertebrae

* C3-C7 (ALWAYS 7)
* C3-C6 also have a transverse foramen – %%**hole through the transverse process**%%

dorsal spinous process

Dorsal projection off of vertebral arch

*orange*

transverse processes

Lateral extension off of vertebral arch

*green*

centrum or body (vertebral)

* Thick, rounded ventral portion
* Convex cranially, concave caudally

*dark green*

vertebral canal

* Canal formed by the vertebral foramina that add up

*orange*

thoracic vertebrae

* Where ribs articulate
* Very elongated dorsal spinous processes, short transverse processes
* Vary in # depending on species

lumbar vertebrae

* long transverse process
* most animals have 6-7
* chicken have 14

sacral vertebrae

* Fused to form the sacrum
* Dorsal & ventral foramina (opening) where the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord (3)
* Lateral “wings” articulate with the hip bones – sacroiliac joint
* Dorsal spinous processes fused in ruminants

coccygeal vertebrae

* tail
* Varies dramatically in number
* Become progressively smaller as they move distally, eventually losing the spinal canal altogether

head (ribs)

* also called capitulum
* articulates with the body of the cranial vertebrae

*dark green 2*

tubercle (ribs)

articulates with the transverse process of the caudal vertebrae

*orange 1*

body (rib)

* long length of rib

*light green*

vertebrosternal

* “true ribs”
* Directly articulate with the sternum via costal cartilage
* First 8 or so

*orange*

vertebrochondral

* “false ribs”
* Indirectly articulate with the sternum via articulation with other ribs’ costal cartilage

*blue*

vertebral

* “floating ribs”
* No articulation with the sternum or other ribs
* most caudal

*green*

sternebrae

* articulates with the costal cartilage
* Carnivores =8 bones
* Horse = 6 bones \\n • Ruminants = 7 bones

*green*

manubrium

* cranial-most section
* Projects in front of the first ribs, can usually palpate

*blue 1*

xiphoid

* caudal-most
* Projects out between the costal arches

*orange*

spine of the scapula

* Divides the lateral surface into the supraspinous fossa (3) and infraspinous fossa (4)

*dark green 2*

glenoid fossa

* depression at distal end of scapula

*red 12*

acromion process

* projection at center of distal end of scapula

*blue 7*

supraglenoid tubercle

* process on side of distal end of scapula

*light green 6*

head (humerus)

* the rounded smooth portion that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

*red 2*

greater tubercle

* humerus
* a large process that is craniolateral to the head. This process forms the point of the shoulder that can be palpated from the exterior in the living animal.

*orange 1*

deltoid tuberosity

* humerus
* Large tuberosity on the lateral aspect, just distal to the greater tubercle

*yellow 5*

Olecranon fossa

* ==Caudal== excavation on the distal humerus, receives the proximal end of the ulna on flexion of the elbow, (same side of humerus as the head)

*green 7*

radial fossa

* distal, ==cranial== depression

*blue 11*

manus

the entire distal part of the thoracic limb, including the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and all the sesamoid bones. (aka forepaw in carnivores)

metacarpal bones

* The long bones extending distally from the carpus.
* Each weight bearing metacarpal bone (no matter how many an animal has) will have a pair of sesamoid bones located at the very distal end, near to the articulation with the first phalangeal bone

proximal sesamoid bone(s)

* Specialized small bones that are found within and near tendons
* Allow the tendon to change direction away from the axis of the joint to prevent excessive wear
* between metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

distal sesamoid bone(s)

one bone/digit, located at the distal interphalangeal joint, not normally ossified in the carnivore

clavicle

* In species where it is functional, it serves to connect the axial skeleton & the forelimbs
* Vestigial (small and non-functional) in cats & dogs
* Nonexistent in horses

*4*

define radius and ulna

* Extends from the humerus to the carpus.
* In some species the radius and ulna are separate bones and in some species these two bones have fused into one bone. (
* The radius is the **larger** of the two bones and has a head at its proximal end – this is where it articulates with the humerus

*Ulna green 8, Raidus red 9*

* radial head
* olecranon
* carpal articular surface

what are the parts of the radius and ulna

radial head

* proximal end of radius

*blue*

olecranon

* proximal process of the ulna
* forms the bony prominence that is the point of the elbow

*red*

carpal articular surface

distal end of the radius

carpus

* the compound joint formed by the carpal bones, located between the radius/ulna and the metacarpal bones.
* the joint is configured in ^^two rows^^ of small cuboidal bones

(variation in the numbers of carpal bones)

Intermedioradial carpal bone

* medial

ulnar carpal bone

* lateral carpal bone

accessory carpal bone

* palmar
* lateral

1st-4th carpal bones

* distal row of carpal bones

digits

* Generally, there is a digit for every weight bearing metacarpal bone
* made up of 3 phalanges per digit
* first digit of cats have **2 phalangeal bones**

phalanges (P1-3)

* singular is phalanx
* numbered proximal to distal
* ^^P1^^ = phalanx that articulates with metacarpal bone
* %%P2%% = middle phalanx
* ==P3== = Distal most phalanx

atlanto-occipital joint

* between the occipital bone in the skull and the Atlas bone

atlanto-axial joint

* between the Atlas bone and the axis bone

vertebral articulations joint

* between the adjacent vertebrae.

glenohumeral joint

* shoulder, scapulohumeral
* ball and socket joint, located between the glenoid fossa on the scapula and the humeral head

Humeroradioulnar joint

* elbow
* – hinged compound joint, located between the humerus, radius and ulna

metacarpophalangeal joint

* fetlock joint
* between the metacarpal bone and the first phalange

*orange*