CC1 4TH LE REVIEWER

analytes elevated in women

iron, a-lipoprotein, cholesterol, y-globulin

analytes elevated during AM

cortisol, aldosterone, iron, ACTH

analytes elevated during PM

TH, GH, ACP, TSH

analytes elevated in black people

CK, LD, IgG, IgA, TP

analytes elevated during hemoconcentration

calcium, iron, sodium, enzymes, hematocrit, proteins

analytes that need to be placed in an ice slurry

lactic acid, ammonia, blood gases

analytes decreased after recent food intake

chlorides, amylase, phosphorous, potassium, ALP

analytes decreased in exercise

cholesterol, triglycerides

analytes decreased in black people

albumin

analytes decreased when specimen is not examined within 30 minutes

pH and pCO2

blood specimen normally used in chemistry tests

serum

blood specimen normally used in hematology

whole blood

blood specimen containing fibrinogen

plasma

blood specimen whose composition is affected by metabolic activity of the tissue

venous blood

blood specimen that has a uniform composition throughout the body

arterial blood

blood specimen whose composition is a mixture of venous and arterial blood with the addition of tissue fluid

capillary blood

percent of blood that is fluid

55%

capillary blood is mostly composed of

arterial blood

analyte affected when pH of serum reach 8.5

ACP (decreases)

analyte affected when there are changes in the red cell

increased serum potassium, phosphorous, magnesium permeability

analyte affected when a frozen specimen is thawed

increased alkaline phosphatase

when is the tourniquet released during ETS

before the last tube is filled

what information is required in the label for venipuncture

patient's name, date of birth, date and time of collection, phlebotomist's initials

color of gauge 21 needle

green

color of gauge 22 needle

black

color of gauge 23 needle

blue

inert clays are examples of what type of tube additive

clot activators

examples of inert clays

diatomite(celite)

what initiates clotting in your SST tube

silica pearls

what color is your SST tube

gold

tube for STAT serum testing

orange tube

tube that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

orange tube

additive in your green tube

heparin

mechanism of action of heparin

inhibits thrombin and factors Xa

heparinized blood is used for

blood pH, blood gases, electrolytes, calcium

how many times is your green tube inverted

8x

analytes increased in your lavender tube

sodium, potassium, PT, PTT

analytes decreased in your lavender tube

calcium, iron

when are your black tubes collected

after EDTA tubes

what is the additive in your lavender tube

dipotassium EDTA

what is collected after your gray tube

ACD, royal blue tube

what is the purpose of your royal blue tube

trace elements

angle of puncture for arterial collection in your brachial artery

45-60 degrees

angle of puncture for arterial collection in your femoral artery

90 degrees

local immediate complications in ETS

hemoconcentration, failure of blood to enter syringe, syncope, circulatory failure

local delayed complications in ETS

hematoma, thrombosis, thrombophlebitis

general delayed complications in ETS

HIV, hepatitis B

skin puncture site ideal for the detection of histiocytes

free edges of earlobes

analytes increased in your lipemic samples

calcium, albumin, inorganic phosphates

analytes decreased in your lipemic samples

creatine kinase, urease, bilirubin, total protein, amylase

anticoagulants that causes dilution errors

oxalates

anticoagulants that inhibit plasma enzyme activities

EDTA, fluoride

anticoagulants that inhibit amylase

oxalates, citrates

anticoagulants that inhibit LD, ACP

oxalates

anticoagulants that elevate calcium

oxalates, citrates, EDTA

why should blood never be drawn in a site where IV medication is running

false low

analytes elevated when using betadine/povidone iodine

phosphorous, uric acid, potassium

general formula of amino acids

RCH(NH2)COOH

the amino group of amino acids is composed of

one nitrogen and two hydrogen (NH2)

the carboxyl group of amino acids is composed of

one carbon and two oxygen (COO-)

the carboxyl and amino group of amino acids is linked together by

alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen (CH)

essential amino acids

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine (PVT MT HILL)

none essential amino acids

glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, glycine, alanine, proline, cysteine, tyrosine, serine

these two processes occur at physiologic(neutral) pH near 7.4

protonation and deprotonation

addition of hydrogen (H+) to your amino group

protonation

removal of hydrogen (H+) to your carboxyl group

deprotonation

at low pH your amino acid has __________ charge

positive charge

at high pH your amino acid has _________ charge

negative charge

pH at which your amino acid will have no hydrogen ions

high pH

pH at which your amino acid will mostly have hydrogen ions

low pH

this is an index of water solubility of the side chain of an amino acid

hydropathy index

as the hydropathy index increases, the amino acid's insolubility...

increases

the amino acid that is most insoluble in water

isoleucine

amino acid groups which have high water solubility and low hydropathy

amide and hydroxyl groups

amino acid groups which have low water solubility and high hydropathy

amino acids with allopathic or aromatic side chains

acidic amino acids

glutamic acid, aspartic acid

basic amino acids

lysine, arginine, histidine

semi-essential amino acid

arginine

the body's primary source of amino acids for protein synthesis

dietary protein

another source of free amino acids; aka recycled amino acids

endogenous protein turnover

adult daily protein requirement

0.8g/kg of body weight

situations in which increased protein demand is observed

growth, pregnancy, lactation, stasis or protein loss, disease states with increased protein breakdown

a diet with adequate calories with low protein intake

kwashiorkor syndrome

a diet with inadequate calories and protein

marasmus

serum albumin values in kwashiorkor syndrome

decreased

traits observed in kwashiorkor syndrome

edema, ascites, growth failure, immune deficiency, apathy

moon face is observed in

kwashiorkor syndrome

composed of polymers of amino acids that are linked together and form into chains

protein

an amide linkage that is formed when an alpha amino group of one amino acid is bound together covalently to another amino acid's carboxyl group

peptide bond

two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds

peptide

protein synthesis occurs from __-terminal to __-terminal

N->C

naming of the peptide is based on what type of amino acid is formed in the __-terminal residue

N

where are plasma proteins synthesized

hepatocytes of the liver

what synthesizes immunoglobulins

plasma cells/B cells (lymphocytes) in the bone marrow

purines

adenine and guanine

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

where does transcription occur

nucleus

where does translation occur

cytoplasm

adenine pairs with

uracil/thymine

guanine pairs with

cytosine