23 EXAM HISTORY ONE STUDY GUIDE

6 Pillars of Civilization

Government

Religion(Existential questions, Cosmology, Morals and ethics, Symbology, Factual)

Writing

Social Hierarchy

Culture

Arts

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Existential Questions

questions concerning meaning and purpose of life (what does it mean to be human? what happens after death? why do people suffer? what is man?)

Cosmology

the understanding of the nature of the universe

Morals and ethics

Beliefs about what is fair and what is right or wrong; Confucius based his teachings on this- A philosophy based on the ideas of Confucius that focuses on morality, family order, social harmony, and government

symbology

study of symbols

Factual

actual, real, truthful

social hierarchy

an order of social classes with producers at the bottom and leaders or kings at the top

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Arts

music, dance, theater, literature and visual arts

Great Leap Forward

Creation of tools

Groups of Homo sapiens all created the Clovis point with zero contact

domestication of animals

Adaptation of animals to human use (We can control them to an extent).

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Sumer

A group of ancient city-states in southern Mesopotamia; the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia.

Sargon the great

Semitic general who invaded and united Sumer, forming the Akkadian empire

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Ancient Egypt

An ancient civilization centered around the Nile River; unified by Menes around 3000 B.C.; divided into the old, middle, and new kingdoms; main gods included Osiris, Isis, Re, and Horus; believed in Divine Kingship; participated in state expansion and empire building

Ka

In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

Amenhotep IV

early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC)

Indus Valley

also known as Harappan civilization,located in India along the Indus River,near the Thar Desert and the Himalayas Mountains

Harappans

The first river valley civilization of India on the Indus River. They mysteriously disappeared.

Ganges River

holiest river to Hindus. They believe bathing in this river will wash away their sins

Harappa

a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan

Mojenjo-Daro

The largest settlement in the Indus River Valley, used a system of plumbing

Indo-Aryans

Indo-European tribes who moved in slow waves into India in about 1750 B.C.

Mahabarata

India's greatest epic, such as the Bhagavad Gita (discusses welfare and religion)

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Vedas

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Brahman

the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought

Vishnu

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Chandragupta Maurya

founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization

Shang Empire

China's first historical dynasty, which controlled the Yellow River Valley by 1766 B.C.E.—later expanded its rule throughout the North China plain until 1122 B.C.E.; its kings likely ruled only a small area; their capital at Anyang was walled

Oracle bones

one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods

Zhou empire

The imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism; located near the Wei River and above the Yellow River.

Mandate of Heaven

the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods

Minoans

earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.

Crete

A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece

Mycenaeans

first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy

Warrior Culture

Soldiers

Knossos

an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC

Pan-Hellenism

Shared sense of greekness

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.

Tyranny

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Peisistratus

first tyrant of Athens

Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need.

Hippias

last tyrant of Athens

(527-510 B.C) Son of Pisistratus. He abused powers as partial tyrant of Athens, so sent into exile. His short reign ended tyranney for Athens.

Lycurgus

legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state.

Failed reforms

Left and never came back

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

Persian Empire

Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.

Darius the Great

king of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

Battle of Marathon

(490 B.C.E.) Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army.

Xerxes the Great

king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (519-465 BC)

Battle of Salamis

Greek victory over the Persian navy during the Second Persian War

Themistocles

Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC)

Athenian Democracy

A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.

Solon

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

Cleisthenes

(500BC) Established the world's first democracy in Athens "father of democracy"-all citizens had the right to participate in assembly

Pericles

Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.

Battle of Mantinea

Largest land battle of the war. This saw a coalition of former Spartan allies led by Alcibiades push Sparta to the brink of defeat; the Spartans would rally and regain their former allies. (418bc)

great spartan betrayal

Sparta asks for Persia's help to conquer Athens

Pre-Roman Italy

Etruscan Italy

Tiber and Arno Rivers

Major rivers in Italy

Mediterranean Sea

A large, almost landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean touching Europe, Asia, and Africa

Etruria

Northern region of Italy; home to the Villanovan Culture and later, Etruscans

Veii

Capital of Etruscans. Romans' first conquest

Etruscans

Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization

Necropli

Etruscan cemetery for the dead

Latium

A plain in central Italy on which the city of Rome was built.

Latins

An ancient people living in the region of Latium, Italy, who believed that they descended from Latinus, the father-in-law of Aeneas

Rome

Capital of Italy

Latin Rights

common rights shared among all Latin communities, including Rome

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

Consuls

Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies

Tribunes

an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Plebeians

the common people of ancient Rome

Patricians

The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.

Roman Triumph

A parade that was held when military leaders returned to Rome after being victorious

Punic wars

Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean.

First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought over island of Sicily, was a naval war, Rome was losing because they did not have a good navy, Romans figured out how to board the Carthage ships and fight them there, Romans gained control of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia (Islands)

Sicily

Largest island in Mediterranean Sea

Corvus

Bridge that attached to other ships

the device that allowed the Romans to board enemy ships

peace treaty

Peace treaty from the first Punic war- charge on Carthage

Second Punic War

Carthaginian General Hannibal wanted revenge for Sicily, entered Spain and went East into Roman territory After much fighting Rome eventually wins again and gains control of Spain, becoming the Mediterranean's dominant power

Hannibal Barca

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Quintus Fabius Maximus

Prevented military disaster as the "Delayer" against Hannibal's more numerous and experienced troops

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

Battle of Zama

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

Carthago delenda est

Latin for "Carthage must be destroyed." Cato ended every speech with this

Gracchi Brothers

the brothers who tried to pass reforms in the Roman senate; they were killed instead

Tiberius Gracchus

Grandson of General Scipio, Elected tribune in 133BC, Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless, Very popular with the masses, Opponents organized a riot where he was killed

Gaius Gracchus

Along with Tiberius, tribune who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform within the Roman republic; killed on the command of the Senate

social reform

an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society