Psych 111 Final

Key elements of the scientific approach

Systemic observation
Testable hypothesis
Democratic
Cumulative

Five guidelines in the code of ethics

Informed consent
Confidentiality
Privacy
Benefits
Deception(debrief)

Null hypothesis

No relationship

Alternative hypothesis

There is a relationship

Which hypothesis is supported when P-value is significant

Alternative hypothesis

What is a falsifiable claim and who coined it

Can be tested
Karl Popper

Type I error

False positive

Type II error

False negative

What is Gestalt psychology

The whole is greater than its parts

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology?

Francis Cecil Sumner

What were Wooley & Hollingworth's contributions

Researched gender stereotyping and debunked several claims

What is this an example of and who used it: taking time to evaluate circumstances, emotions, and mental processes?

Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt

Independent variable

The one you change

Dependent variable

The one that changes
The one you measure

True experiment

Testing a question with randomization

Quasi-experiment

Testing a question but you can't randomize because of the nature of the situation

Case study

Studying one situation

Cross-sequential

A study in which two or more groups of individuals of different ages are directly compared over a period of time

EAR

electronically activated radar

DRM

designed to collect data describing the experiences a
person has on a given day, through a systematic reconstruction conducted on the
following day

Internal validity

the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study

External validity

the extent to which your results can be generalized to other contexts

What is falsified data?

Data that is made up or manipulated to make an inaccurate claim

What replication approach is performing an experiment but changing a couple variables to see if the same principles hold true in other areas of study.

Conceptual

Identical twins

Monozygotic
Identical genetics

Fraternal twins

Dizygotic
Identical environment

Heritability coefficient of 0

completely environmental/nurture influence

Heritability coefficient value of 1

completely genetic/nature influence

What did Camillo Golgi contribute

made the golgi stain

What is 1

Dendrite

What is 2

Soma

What is 3

Axon

What is 4

Nodes of Ranvier

What is 5

Axon Terminal

What is 7

Myelin Sheath

What is 8

Nucleus

Which brain scan is best for temporal resolution

EEG

Which brain scan is best for spatial resolution

fMRI

Which part of the brain helps with seeing?

Occipital lobe

What part of our brain is responsible for our automatic and vital processes?

Brain stem

Which part of the brain assists in negative emotion?

Amygdala

Which part of the brain is in charge of language production?

Broca's area

Which part of the brain is connected to language understanding?

Wernicke's area

Sympathetic nervous system

Fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and digest

What is the HPA axis?

Bodily stress response

What are the 3 parts of the HPA axis?

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands

What is ACTH hormone?

Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

What part of the general adaptation syndrome does Lauren experience before tests?

Alarm

How do men usually respond to stress

Fight or flight

How do women usually respond to stress?

Tend-and-befriend

What is this describing: experiencing heart racing, and feelings of fear and distress seemingly out of nowhere without cause for almost a year

panic disorder

What is this describing: Struggling immensely at the doctors. So scared of needles, blood, and other forms of injections that you avoids going to the doctor at all cost.

Phobia

What is this describing: getting very nervous about all sorts of things in his life. Constantly worrying about school, work, friends, family, etc to the point that you struggle to even go to work. This intense anxiety has persisted for several months.

General anxiety disorder

Positive stress

Eustress

Bad stress

Distress

What is the hormone released during stressful events?

Oxytocin

What does oxytocin help with

Healing damaged heart cells

What did Prof. McGonigal find?

The people who had a ton of stress and also believed stress was going to negatively impact their health were most likely to die.

What is bottom-up processing

the stimulus itself to shapes our perception, without any preconceived ideas.

What is top-down processing

We use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.

What is an absolute threshold

smallest amount needed for detection

What is a differential threshold

just a noticeable difference

What is 8

Iris

What is 9

Pupil

What is 10

Lens

What is 6

Cornea

What is 12

Retina

What do the cones do?

Perceive color

What do the rods do?

Perceive light

What is 1

Pinna

What is 2

Auditory ear canal

What is 3

Tympanic membrane/ eardrum

What is 4

Ossicles

What is 10

Cochlea

What is inside the cochlea

Auditory hair cells

What type of attention is focusing on one conversation amongst a lot of noise.

Selective Attention

What is the term for when you try not to think of it, you think of it more?

The ironic effects of mental control

What is the term for when you try to listen to multiple things simultaneously

Divided attention

What is the term for attention over long periods of time

Sustained

What did Alfred Binet do?

First IQ test

What did Charles Spearman do?

Defined intelligence as a singular factor (g) generalized factor.

What did Francis Galton do?

Intelligence is heritable

What did David Wechler do?

Adult IQ test

What is the following statement an example of:
John goes to take his exam. On his way into the exam, the person checking him in tells him that the guys in this class have done so horribly in this class! Even though John got an A on his last exam, he can’t stop thinking about what the proctor said. He fails his final.

Stereotype threat

Classical conditioning

Involuntary behavior

Operant conditioning

Voluntary behavior

Unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs.

Unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before (or in the absence of) conditioning.

Neutral stimulus

a stimulus that at first elicits no response.

Conditioned stimulus

An initially neutral stimulus (like a bell, light, or tone) that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place.

What is semantic memory?

General knowledge

Amnesia from previous advents

Retrograde amnesia

Can't form more memories

Anterograde amnesia

What is flashbulb memory

vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event

What is habituation?

Growing used to something and not noticing it anymore

What is meta-cognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

What is massed practice?

Doing everything at one time/ cramming

What is distributive practice?

Distributes study in a given course over many study sessions that are relatively short in duration.