11U Biology

3 Characteristics of plants

1) Eukaryotic
2) Have cell walls that contain the carbohydrate cellulose
3) Carry out photosynthesis using the pigment chlorophyll to transform sunlight into chemical energy

4 adaptions plants developed

1) The formation of an embryo, a reproductive structure that develops into a plant
2) Strategies to reduce water loss
3) Strategies to disperse reproductive structures without water currents
4) The ability to stand upright and grow tall to get as much sunlight as possible

6 Characteristics of animals

1) Eukaryotic
2) Animal cells lack cell walls
3) multicellular
4) Heterotrophs that ingest food
5) motile at some point in their life cycle
6) Form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula during embryological development

Absorption

Occurs in the small intestine, where the cells absorb small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars

Acquired trait

Traits we acquire or develop as we live

Allele

alternative version of a gene

Alternation of generations

The alternation between haploid and diploid forms

Amino acid

Twenty different kinds of building blocks of protein

Analogous

Structures in distantly related specie that are anatomically different but preform the same function

Angiosperms

Flowering plants

Arteries

Large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues

Artificial selection

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic material from just one parent

Asymmetric

Having no symmetry

Bacteriophages

Viruses that attack and infect specific bacterial cells

Barriers to reproduction

1) Temporal isolation \= Species have different breeding seasons
2) Mechanical isolation \= 2 species are unable to mate because their reproductive structures are physically incompatible

Benefits of GMO's

1) Can improve the characteristics of crop plants
2) Delayed ripening
3) improve nutritional value
4) stress tolerance
5) Resistance to spoilage or disease

Bilateral symmetry

Arrangement having mirror-image right and left sides

Bile's job in the digestion system

Bile is a yellow liquid produced outside of the small intestine by the body's liver. It helps prepare fats for hydrolysis

Binary fission

The process of the ability for bacteria to divide, producing two identical cells

Binomial

The two-part Latin name that is part of the binomial nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature

A system for naming specific species, which became the most used classification system in biology, invented in 1750 by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat or ecosystem

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world

Bioinformatics

Science of handling and analyzing biological data

Biotechnology

The use of organisms to make useful products

Bipedalism

The ability to walk on two feet

Blastopore

The first opening in the digestive tract in an animal

Blastula

Hollow balls of cells that forms during an animal's embryological development and becomes a mouth or an anus

Blood pressure

The force that blood exerts against artery walls; measured in millimetres of mercury, a standard unit of liquid pressure

By what meristems are auxins produced?

Apical meristems

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels with a high surface area resembling a network of tiny tubes

Carbohydrate

Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; a major source of energy for your body

Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are the major source of energy for your body

Cell cycle

Orderly sequence of event in a eukaryotic cell's life

Cell Cycle

The sequence of events a cell goes through to grow

Cellular respiration

A Process that produces the energy needed to fuel all cell activity.

Characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea

1) microscopic
2) Unicellular
3) Simple (lack nuclei)
4) Lack many membrane bound organelles
5) Live in the most extreme environments on earth

Characteristics of Eukarya

1) Complex
2) Contain membrane bound organelles

Characteristics of viruses

1) Use nucleic acids to store genetic information
2) Adapt to changing conditions (allow them to avoid being destructed by medicines)

Chemical digestion

The chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as breaking down the large molecules of carbs, fats and proteins to produce smaller molecules during hydrolysis

Chitin

A strong, flexible carbohydrate that is also found in the external skeletons of insects

Chromatin

Long fibres that are a combination of DNA and protein

Chromosome

One long, condensed DNA molecule containing hundreds or thousands of genes

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures protruding from a cell that move fluid and particles over the cell's surface; sometimes used for movement and food gathering

Clade

An evolutionary branch on a phylogentic tree

Close Circulatory System

A system in which blood remains contained within blood vessels that extend throughout the body (Example \= Worm)

Co-evolution

The process in which one species evolves in response to the evolutionary changes in another species

Codominance

When both alleles are expressed at the same time (I.E Roan)

Complete dominance

One allele is expressed and the other is not

Convergent evolution

Distantly related species that live in similar environments and develop similar adaptions

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

Cyanobacteria

Producers that play an important role at the start of many food chains. They also supply a great deal of the world's oxygen

Deforestration

Clear-cutting trees

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Molecule that composes the genetic material

Dermal plant tissue

Outer covering of the plant. the 'skin'

Deuterostome

If the blastopore develops into an anus

Dichotomous key

A tool used by scientists and non-scientists to identify organisms with which they are unfamiliar

Dicot

The larger group of plants, containing broad-leaf species

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough for the body to absorb

Dihybrids

Their parents differ in two traits

Dikaryotic

Hyphae that contain two nuclei per cll, one from each parent hyphae

Dinoflagellates

Unicellular protists with a cell wall made of cellulose and two Flagellas

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent

Disorders of the circulatory system

1) Heart attack
2) Arteriosclerosis
3) Heart failure
4) Stroke
5) Arrhythmia

Disorders of the digestion shstem

1) Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2) Ulcer
3) Inflammatory bowel disease
4) Constipation
5) Diarrhea

Disorders of the respiratory system

1) Asthma
2) Bronchitis
3) COPD
4) Cystic Fibrosis
5) Lung Cancer

Dominant allele

Allele that determines that trait that a heterozygous individual expresses

Ecological succession

The process of replacement of the plant and other organisms that make up a community

Ecosystem

a specie's environment

Ecosystem diversity

The diverse range of habitats, the various organisms that live in the habitats and the relationships that connect them

Ecosystem services

The beneficial processes carried out by living things that are necessary to sustain life on earth

Elimination

The process of removing from the digestive tract any undigested materials

Endospore

The dormant phase that bacteria enters when recourses are too limited for them to survive

Epidemic

A disease outbreak over a small geographical region (Local)

Epidermis plant tissue

Dermal tissue of nonwoody plants

Ex-Situ conservation

Protecting species by removing them from their natural habitat

Fat

Molecules formed from fatty acids and glycerol that store energy in your body and help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins; can be divided into saturated, unsaturated and trans fats
(also called lipids )

Fibre

A complex carbohydrate; also called cellulose

Flagella

A Whip-like structure used to propel prokaryotes towards food,light or oxygen for movement

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures that some cells use for movement

Fossil

Preserved remains or markings left by organisms

Founder effect

A type of genetic drift that happens when a few individuals, whose allele frequencies do not represent gene pool of their original population, colonize a new habitat

Fragmentation

splitting a habitat into fragments, which may prevent species from using resources in all parts of the habitat

Fungi "Parents"

They are known as positive and negative

Gamete

Sex cells; eggs and sperms

Gametophyte

The haploid generation produces egg and sperm cells called gametes

Gene locus

A site on a chromosome that a specific gene occupies

Gene locus

Site on a chromosome that a specific gene occupies

Gene therapy

The process of supplementing or replacing a gene in order to treat a medical condition

Genes

Units of inherited information that determine specific characteristics or functions

Genetic diversity

The sum of all the different forms of genes present in a particular species. It also helps the survival of species

Genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

Genetic engineering

Intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material

Genetic linkage

The tendency for alleles for different genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together

Genetically modified organism

An organisms with genetic material that has been altered thought genetic engineering

Genome

The full DNA sequence of an organism

Genus

The first part of the specie's name, to which the species belongs

Gradualism

The evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over a long period of time

Grasses

1) Monocots
2) Rice is a grass
3) The seeds are dispersed by wind

Gravitropism

A plant's growth in response to gravity