Sociology Final Exam

Social Stratification

a system of structured social inequality

Social Class

A system based primarily on achieved status however ones ascribed status can matter

SES

Socioeconomic staus

takes into account income, educational achievement, and occupational presage

Achieved Status

A status achieved by effort

types of stratification

estate, caste, and class

estate

small elite group has total control over society resources

caste

A system where status is assigned based on ones ascribed status

poverty line

the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household

What percent of the US lives under the poverty line

12% (11.6)

Fumigation poverty

Women and their children are more lily to be poor

Class consciousness

awareness of the existence of class structure

False Consciousness

The class consciousness of subordinate classes who had internalized the view of the dominate class

Social Mobility

A persons movement over time from one class to another

Intergenerational social mobility

The relationship between the socioeconomic status of a parent and the status that their children will attain as adults

GINI Index

Measures of income distribution whiten a given population

socioeconomic inequalities according to Karl Marx’s

Inequality results from a system where those with the most resources exploit and control other

social mobility is effected by more than just individual effort

who is most lily to live under the poverty line

Children under the age of 18

How has the income gap between the richest 20% and the rest of the US population changed over the last 5 years

The wage gap continues to grow

Race

people treated as distinct groups based upon certain biological characteristics

Salience principle

Categorized based upon what initially appears promenade and obvious

Which racial/ ethnic group will grow in the next three decades

Hispanics

Relative sizes of racial and ethnic groups in the US

White 60%

hispanic 19%

Black 13%

Asian 6%

Native American 1%

Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander 0.3

Minority Groups

AN entire distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forces to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination

\-group membership is normally ascribed

\-receive prejudice and discrimination from the dominate group

Dominate Group

The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group the subordinate status in society

What percent of the US is foreign born

14\.6%

Affirmative Action

A race specific policy for reducing job and educational inequality

Benefits of accepting immigrants to our society

More workers/ consumers

New knowledge and technology

Global connections

Coasts of accepting immigrants to our society

Over population

Financial costs

Education (language)

Assimilation

A process by which minorities become socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominate society

functionalist perspective

cultural Pluralism

Different groups in society maintain their distinct cultures while also coexisting peacefully with the dominate group

conflict theory

Segregation

The spacial and social separation of racial and ethnic groups

Racisalization

A process whereby some social such as a social class or nationality is assigned what are perceived to be race characteristics

Stereotypes

An over simplified set of beliefs about the members of a social group or social stratum that is used to categorized individuals of that group

Prejudice

The negative and unequal treatment of the members of some social group to stratum solely because of their membership in that group or stratum

Discrimination

The negative evaluation of a social group, based upon conceptions about the social group that are held despite facts that contradict it

Racial Profiling

The use of race alone as a criteria for deciding whether to stop and detain someone on suspicion of having committed a crime

How would symbolic interaction theory analyze the origin of stereotypes

Stereotypes as a result of socialization

The Culture of Poverty

Individuals fault

Structural Causes of Poverty

Economy(recession, inflation, low wages)

High Unemployment rate

Lack of affordable housing

child care costs

substance abuse

Domestic Violence

Mental illness

Socioeconomic Inequality Functionalism

\-Inequality serves an important purpose in society

\-greater rewards ensure that people will be motivated to train for functionally important roles in society

the most talented are rewarded in proportion to their contribution to the social order

\-social policies should only reward merit

Socioeconomic Inequality according to Conflict Theory

\-Inequality results from a system where those with the most rescues exploit and control others

\-Inequality prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being discovered and used

\-the most vital jobs in society are usually the least rewarded

How does social class affect ones life interns of educational achievement

The higher the social class the higher the education

What race/ethnicity has the highest median household income in the US

Asians

\

What race/ ethnicity is most likely to complete their college education

Asians

sociology is the study of

human behavior

____ may develop in situations where there is political repression and some groups are forced underground

Countercultures

____ is the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society

culture

Symbolic interactionists view ____ as the primary motivation for human behavior

Peoples definition of the situation

According to ____ theory, norms and values are defined by the most powerful group in society

Conflict

According to C.Wright Mills definition of issues are

originate in institutional arrangements

originate in the history of society

affect a large number of people

\*do no spring from events or felling in a persons life

Culture includes

Norms

laws

art

According to Karl Marx’s the most important influence on what humans think and how they behave is

The economic organization of society

Conflict theory is based on the ideas developed by

Karl Marx

social change occurs when there is social disorganization and society seeks equilibrium supported by which theory

Functionalism

Positivism refers to

Scientific observation and description

___ is the sociologist whose work was influenced by and built upon the work of Karl Marks

Max Weber

Which theory emphasizes a micro perspective

Symbolic interaction

Functionalism emphasizes

The interdependent arts of society

A young man travels from the US to South Asia and witnesses people eating bugs he thinks they are barbaric this is an example of what

Ethnocentrism

___ used a multidimensional approach to analyzing society, interpreting the economic, cultural, and political organizations of society as together shaping a social institutors and social change

Max Weber

According to ____ society is considered to be socially constructed through human interpretation

Symbolic interaction theory

According to conflict theory culture

serves the interests of the powerful groups

culture is

constantly questioned by members of society

Suppose you are reading a newspaper article about a product using new technology what questions should you ask

How does this product change or benefit society

which social groups would benefit from this product

how does this product change the meaning of the associated activity

\*all of the above

In every society the dominate culture is

the culture of the most powerful group

The fundamental principle or lesson of sociology is that

The social context shapes what people do and think

Who coined the term sociology

C.Wright Mills

Diversity is important within sociology because

People are shaped by the social context around them

Marx’s perspective of society argued that

Profit is produced throughout the exploration of the working class

Cultural change …

is a result of innovation

can be imposed

through social diffusion

\*all of the above

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber were _____ theorists

Macro-sociologists

_____ refers to the ability to look behind things taken for granted

Debunking

Social institutions include

the family

religon

the government

\*all of the above

_____ refers to the ability to see the social patterns that societal pattens that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals.

Sociological immagination

According to _____ social order stems from consensus on public values

Functionalism

Valentines day is supported by what theory

Conflict

According to the lecture and our class discussion on technological development which of the

following is a sociologically accurate argument?

Technological innovation and development brings a positive influence on society; yet

may also create some new social issues.

In today’s world, we have the technological ability to develop efficient, less-polluting rapid

transit, but changing people’s transportation habits is difficult.” This statement is an

example of _______

Culture lag

One student made a hypothesis for a societal reason for an increasing number of students

abusing prescription drugs today. He argues that this is because the majority of public school

districts do not include a curriculum that teaches their students the risk of drug abuse. As a

result, they are not properly informed about the associated risk of the medication. His theory is

most associated with: _________

Functionalism

according to the lectures and textbook, gender socialization starts from

the moment of birth or even before birth

Arguments based on biological determinism assume that differences between women \n and men can, presumably, be changed true or false

False

Men fill instrumental roles in society, whereas women fill expressive roles, and this arrangement works to the benefit of society." This statement most closely reflects

Functionalism

A student would like to find out how American Indians are depicted in children’s books. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to collect his/her data

Content analysis

The expected behaviors that go along with a given status in society is called

Roles

The process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called

Social control

Agents of socialization include

Peers

Religon

Sports

\*all of the above

According to ________, behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us

Social Learning Theory

When sociologists conduct surveys or engage in participant observation they are

\n gathering ___

\
primary data

According to the lecture, ___________ account for the majority (about 72 percent) of all suicides today

white men

The hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender is \n called:

Gender Stratification

According to the textbook and lecture women on average earn approximately ______

\n % of what men earn in today’s American society

80%

In Black communities, men earn less than women while the tendency is the opposite in the white communities.” According to the lecture and textbook, this statement is

False

Unlike feminist and conflict theories, ________ assumes that the economic system is

\n fair and competitive for both men and women

Human Capital Theory

________ argue that human beings make conscious and meaningful adaptations to their social environment.

Symbolic Interaction Theorists

According to the Dual Market Theory, male workers tend to be overrepresented at ________ . This causes gender inequality in wages in our society

Tier one in the primary market

One of the sociological reasons for the gender gap in wages in our society is that women tend to take maternity leave or to quit their jobs when they have a child. This results in women reducing the resources that they could bring to their jobs when they try to go back to work. This observation is most likely related to

Human Capital Theory

According to the textbook and lecture, homophobia

is a learned attribute

Among the hate crime victims based on their sexual orientation, female homosexual victims outnumber male homosexual victims in the U.S. today.” According to the lecture this statement is

False

One of the sociological reasons for gender inequality is a pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender. For instance, over 90 % of pilots are men and their salary is much higher than that of secretaries and child-care workers of which the majority are women. This argument is \n most associated with_________

Gender Segregation Theory

According to the lecture and class discussions, female members of our society tend to \n experience harsher social punishment than their male counterpart when they perform \n the gender roles of their opposite sex.

False