ANAPHY MIDTERM: Integumentary and Muscular System

Integument

means covering

Skin, Hair, Glands, Nails

Integumentary is consists of

Cutaneous sensation

exoreceptors sense touch and pain

Skin

Protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold.

Skin

Largest organ in the body

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.​

Dermis

Beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tis

hypodermis

Deeper subcutaneous tissue is made of fat and connective tissue

Papillary Layer

Composed of dermal papillae that project into the epidermis; contains fine collagenous and elastic fibers; contains the dermoepidermal junction; forms a unique pattern that gives individual fingertips.​

Reticular Layer

Contains dense, interlacing white collagenous fibers to make the skin tough yet stretchable; when from animal skin, produces leather​

Subcutaneous tissue

Forms connection between skin and other structures

Fibroblast, Adipose, Macrophages

Types of cells of subcutaneous tissue

Melanocytes

special cells create pigment melanin

Epidermis

Location of melanocytes

Rash

Any change in the skin’s appearance. From simple skin irritation

Dematitis

A general term for inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis (a type of eczema) is the most common form

Eczema

Skin inflammation causing an itchy rash. Most often, it’s due to an overactive immune system.

Psoriasis

An autoimmune condition that can cause a variety of skin rashes. Silver, scaly plaques on the skin are the most common form.

Dandruff

A scaly condition of the scalp may be caused by seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, or eczema.

Acne

The most common skin condition, affects over 85% of people at some time in life.

Cellulitis

Inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, usually due to an infection. A red, warm, often painful skin rash generally results.

Rosacea

A chronic skin condition causing a red rash on the face. Rosacea may look like acne, and is poorly understood.

Warts

A virus infects the skin and causes the skin to grow excessively, creating a wart. Warts may be treated at home with chemicals, duct tape, or freezing, or removed by a physician.

Melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer, results from sun damage and other causes.

Hair

Can found everywhere except in palms, soles, lips, nipples, part of external genitalia and distal segments of the fingers and toes.​ One of the characteristics common to all mammal.

Hair Shaft

Hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface.

Cuticle, cortex, medulla

Three layers of hair shaft

Cuticle Layer

The hair’s outer most layer which has shingle or scale like cells that overlap.

Cuticle

Consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another as roof shingles. It is the outer covering.

Cortex Layer

provides strength, color and texture of the hair.

Cortex Layer

Contains the keratin bundles that is rod-like; contains melanin; shape and how curly or straight the hair is

Medulla Layer

Disorganized and open area at fiber's center Only present in large thick hairs.

Dermal papilla

Contains the blood supply and nerves that produce nutrients for the hair.

Hair bulb

Whiter in color and softer in texture than shafts. Ends in enlargement

Hair bulb

consist of fibrous connective tissue, glassy membrane, external and internal root sheath

Henle's Layer

The epithelium stratum

Huxley's Layer

The granular stratum

Hair follicle

The root of the hair is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called

Anagen stage

growing period of a hair follicle

Catagen stage

Intermediate period of hair growth

Telogen

Resting or shedding stage of hair

Vellus hair

Is the light, short, fine hair that covers much of a person's body. Its length and thickness varies from person to person.

Vellus hair

The primary role of it is to protect the skin and keep the body warm.

Terminal Hair

Longer, thicker, and darker hair that grows on the head

Androgenic or body hair

Develops on the human body during and after puberty. It is differentiated from the head hair and less visible vellus hair, which are much finer and lighter in color

Nail

Thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells with hard keratin

Fingernails and toenails

Made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin

Matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, germinal matrix

Another name for the matrix

The matrix

Beneath the nail, contain nerves, lymph, and blood vessels. Determines the size, length, and thickness of the nail plate.

The Nail bed

Skin beneath nail plate, made up of epidermis and deeper dermis.

Matrix crest

Longitudinal grooves that attaches epidermis to dermis in the nail bed.

Sinus unguis

Another name for nails sinus

Nail sinus

It is where nail root is, a base of nail under skin. Originates from the matrix

Nail plate

The hard part of translucent keratin protein. Layers if dead and compacted cells.

corpus unguis

Another name for nail plate

Free margin

Anterior or cutting edge of the nail

Margo liber or distal edge

Another name for free margin

Hyponychium

Beneath nail plate, between free edge and fingertip skin. Forms seal that protects the nail bed.

Onychodermal band

an area at the edge of the nail bed that looks slightly grey when seen through the nail plate

Eponychium

Band of living cells, extends from posterior nail wall to base of the nail. End of proximal fold, folds itself to shed to newly formed nail plate.

Cuticle

Semi circle layer that covers the back of visible nail plate

Lunula

Visible portion of the distal nail matrix that extends beyond the proximal nailfold. It is white, half-moon-shaped.

Perionyx

Projecting edge that covers proximal strip of lunula

Nail wall

cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail

Vallum unguis

Another term for the nail wall

Lateral margin

Also known as the margo lateralis, under the nail wall on the sides of the nail

Nail groove or fold

Aka sulcus matricis unguis

sulcus matricis unguis

Cutaneous site where lateral margins are embedded

Paronychium

The soft tissue surrounding the border of the fingernail or toenail.

Beau's lines

deep and horizontally transverse grooves in the nail

Onychogryphosis, Onycholysis, Onychocryptosis, Onychomycosis, Onychodystrophy

Terms for thickened nail, loosened'', Ingrown toenail, infected with fungus, degenerate nails

Muscular System

System of Human Body that provides motor power for all movements of body parts.

Muscular tissue, muscular fiber

In muscular system, what are special tissue and specialized muscle called?

Myo and mys, sarco

Muscular System terminology. Prefixes for muscle and flesh.

Tendons

Muscle attached to a bone

Fascia

Muscle attached to muscle

Origin

The attachment site that doesn't move during contraction

Insertion

Attachment site that moves when the muscle contracts

Voluntary and involuntary

2 Classification of muscles

Striated

In muscle structure. It refers to having long, thin lines, marks, or strips of colour.

Smooth

In muscle structure. It refers to no striations

Respiration

A function of the muscular system where muscle in the thorax is involved

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones. (Muscle movements)

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones. (Muscle movements)

Abduction, Adduction

Term for moving away and moving toward the body's midline

Pronation, Supination

Term for rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down.
Term for rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up.

Elevation, Depression

Term for moving a body part up.
Term for moving a body part down.

Protraction, Retraction

Term for
Moving a bone forward without changing the angle.
Moving a bone backward without changing the angle.

Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion

Term for
Bringing your foot upward toward your shin.
Depressing your foot

Rotation

A circular motion which turns a body part on its axis.

Sphincters

Ring like muscles that close body openings.

Skeletal muscles

Striated, under voluntary control, found attached to skeleton, produce major movements of body parts. Fatigue more rapidly than other muscles

Excitability

The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus.

Contractibility, Extensibility

Terms for...
The ability of the skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
Means that skeletal muscle can be stretched.

Elasticity

The ability of the skeletal muscles to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.

Adaptability

Can be changed in response to how it is used.

Smooth muscles

Non striated, not under voluntary control, found in soft organs of body, responsible for processes like digestion of food etc.

Smooth muscle

Maintain flow of fluids along tissue wall. Can be found in lungs, stomach, etc. Fatigues slowly

Cardiac muscle

Striated, involuntary, present exclusively in heart, responsible for pumping activity of heart, very strong and tough.

Myology

Study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles.