Skeleton system

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs and girdles

functions of the bone

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

things stored by the bones

fat, calcium, phosphorous

compact bone

dense, smooth looking bone

spongy bone

bone composed of small, needlelike pieces; lots of space

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphyses

ends of long bone

periosteum

connective tissue membrane surrounding diaphysis

epiphyseal line

in adults; remnant of epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal plate

hyaline cartilage in young, growing bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

projections/processes

markings that grow out from the bone surface

depressions/cavities

markings that are indentations in the bone

ossification

process of bone formation

ostoblasts

bone-forming cells

appositional growth

diameter bone growth

PTH

hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels

osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells

two factors responsible for for bone remodeling

calcium levels; pull of gravity and muscles

reduction

realignment of broken bone ends

first step of bone fracture repair

hematoma is formed

second step of bone fracture repair

break is splinted by fibrocartilage

third step of bone fracture repair

bony callus is formed

fourth step of bone fracture repair

bone remodeling occurs

hyoid bone

only bone that does not directly come in contact with other bones

mandible

only bone with a movable joint in the face

fontanels

fibrous membrane connecting cranial bones in fetuses

articular cartilage

covers ends of long bones; decreases friction

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength

open fracture

bone fracture that breaks through the skin

closed fracture

bone fracture that does not break through the skin

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

compression

bone is crushed

depressed

bone is pressed inward

impacted

broken bone ends are forced into each other

spiral

break that occurs from excessive twisting

greenstick

incomplete break

suture

immovable joint in the cranium

sagittal suture

connects two parietal bones together

sella turcica

depression in sphenoid bone that holds pituitary gland

foramen magnum

large opening in occipital bone that allows spinal cord to attach to brain

lacrimal bone

allows tears to travel down

zygomatic bone

cheek bone

7

number of bones that make up the cervical vertebrae

12

number of bones that make up the thoracic vertebrae

5

number of bones that make up the lumbar vertebrae

invertebral discs

pads of flexible fibrocartilage that cushion between vertebrae

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

atlas

C1 bone; allows one to nod

axis

C2 bone; allows one to pivot neck

coccyx

tailbone

bones that make up the sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

false ribs

last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum

floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

glenoid cavity

socket in scapular that receives head of humerus

factors that allow free movement of upper limb

shoulder girdle attached at ONLY one point; loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back and forth; shallow glenoid cavity with loose ligaments

capitulum

ball-like head of humerus

interosseous membrane

flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula

carpal bones

bones of the wrist

metacarpals

bones of the palm

pelvic girdle

two coxal bones (aka hip bones)

ilia

large, flaring bone portion of hip bones

ischium

most inferior part of hip bone; the "sit down" bone

pubis

most anterior part of hip bone

acetabulum

point of fusion of ilia, ischium and pubis; receives head of femur

false pelvis

superior to true pelvis

true pelvis

surrounded by bone and lies inferior to flaring parts of the ilia; passage for infant at birth in women

femur

thigh bone

patellar surface

smooth area where patella rests to form knee cap

tibia

shinbone

tarsus

posterior half of foot

calcaneus

heelbone

talus

ankle

metatarsals

sole of the foot

foot arch

ligaments and tendons hold bones in foot together providing springiness

functions of joints

hold bones together; give mobility

synarthroses

immovable joint

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely movable joints

functional classification of joints

synarthroses; amphiarthroses; diarthroses

structural classification of joints

fibrous; cartilaginous; synovial

fibrous joints

united by fibrous tissue; i.e. sutures

cartilaginous joints

bone ends connected by cartilage; i.e. intervertebral joints

synovial joints

bone ends separated by joint cavity w/synovial fluid; i.e knee

features of synovial joints

articular cartilage; fibrous articular capsule; joint cavity; reinforcing ligaments

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid; common where things rub together

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

hinge joint

angular movement allowed in one plane; i.e. elbow

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

ball and socket joint

spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; i.e. shoulder

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket (condyloid and saddle)

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs and girdles

functions of the bone

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

things stored by the bones

fat, calcium, phosphorous

compact bone

dense, smooth looking bone