BACTERIOLOGY-DAY-1-LESSON

Bacteriology

The study of bacteria, including their morphology, physiology, and role in infection and immunity.

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Morphology

The study of the form and structure of organisms.

Physiology

The study of the functions and processes of living organisms.

Infection

The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body, leading to disease.

Immunity

The ability of the body to resist and defend against infections and diseases.

Isolation

The process of separating and growing bacteria in pure culture for further study.

Identification

The process of determining the specific type or species of bacteria.

Susceptibility testing

The process of determining the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics.

Laboratory diagnosis

The use of laboratory tests and techniques to diagnose diseases and infections.

Prerequisites

The courses or knowledge required before taking a particular course.

Grading system

The system used to evaluate and assign grades to students based on their performance in a course.

Attendance

The act of being present in class or a course session.

Contact hours

The number of hours spent in direct contact with the instructor or course material.

References

The sources of information used for studying and researching a particular subject.

Course objectives

The specific goals and outcomes expected to be achieved by students at the end of a course.

Course outline

The structure and sequence of topics and content covered in a course.

Microscopic

Relating to the use of a microscope to study and observe microorganisms.

Cultural

Relating to the growth and study of microorganisms in laboratory cultures.

Serological

Relating to the study of antibodies and antigens in blood serum.

Animal Inoculation

The process of introducing microorganisms into animals for study or testing.

Molecular Techniques

The use of molecular biology methods and techniques to study microorganisms.

Infection and Immunity

The study of the processes and interactions between microorganisms and the immune system.

Pathogenic

Capable of causing disease.

Non-Pathogenic

Not capable of causing disease.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

The process of determining the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria.

Quality Assurance

The measures and processes used to ensure the quality and accuracy of laboratory testing.

Infection Control

The practices and procedures used to prevent and control the spread of infections.

Brief History of Microbiology

An overview of the key milestones and discoveries in the field of microbiology.

Gram Positive

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain in the Gram staining method.

Gram Negative

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain in the Gram staining method.

Bacterial Cell Structure

The components and organization of a bacterial cell.

Metabolism

The chemical processes and reactions that occur within a living organism.

Genetics

The study of genes and heredity in living organisms.

Micrographia

A book written by Robert Hooke, describing his observations of microscopic organisms.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A scientist who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology, including the first observation of living cells.

Louis Pasteur

A scientist known for his experiments that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and his contributions to the field of microbiology.1. Swan neck flask experiment:An experiment conducted in 1861 that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

Edward Jenner

A country doctor who discovered the smallpox vaccine by using cowpox to provide immunity against smallpox.

Immunity

Protection from a disease obtained through vaccination.

Robert Koch

A German country physician who developed microbiology into a science and developed pure culture techniques.

Koch's postulates

A set of criteria used to determine if a specific microorganism causes a particular disease.

Alexander Fleming

The scientist who discovered penicillin by accident.

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.

Classification

The process of categorizing microorganisms based on their similarities and differences in genotype and phenotype.

Genus

A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms, equivalent to a human last name.

Species

A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms, equivalent to a human first name.

Family

A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms, similar to a human clan.

Bacteria

Unicellular microorganisms that are prokaryotic and can cause various diseases.

Binary fission

The mode of replication in prokaryotes, where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Archaebacteria

A domain of bacteria that lack peptidoglycan and include extremophiles.

Eubacteria

A domain of bacteria that includes pathogenic bacteria and has tropism to eukaryotic cells.1. Membrane Bound Nucleus:A structure found in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) present in an organism.

Ribosomes

Structures composed of RNA and protein that are responsible for protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis

The process by which cells build proteins using the information encoded in their genes.

Cytoplasmic Structures

Structures found within the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cytoplasmic Granules

Storage deposits in the cytoplasm that consist of polysaccharides and lipids.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A bacterium that forms granules in its cytoplasm.

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A bacterium that forms granules called "Babes Ernst granules" in its cytoplasm.

Nocardia spp

Bacteria that form sulfur granules in their cytoplasm.

Endospores

Small, dormant spores that are produced by certain bacteria in response to harsh environmental conditions.

Bacillus & Clostridium

Bacterial genera that are known for producing endospores.

Calcium Dipicolinate

A compound found within the core of endospores that helps maintain their dormant stage.

Small Acid Soluble Proteins (SASPs)

Proteins that tightly bind and condense the DNA within endospores.

Gram Stain

A staining technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the properties of their cell walls.

Moeller and Schaefer-Fulton Stains

Stains used specifically for staining endospores.

Terminal, Central, Subterminal Spores

Different locations of spores within bacterial cells.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and acts as a barrier.

Sterol

A type of lipid that is found in the cell membranes of some organisms, such as Mycoplasma spp.

Gram Positive Cell Wall

The cell wall structure found in Gram-positive bacteria.

Gram Negative Cell Wall

The cell wall structure found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Peptidoglycan

A polymer consisting of alternating polysaccharides found in the cell walls of bacteria.

Teichoic Acid

A type of acid that is anchored to peptidoglycan in Gram-positive cell walls.

Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA)

A type of teichoic acid that is anchored to the cell membrane in Gram-positive cell walls.

Outer Membrane

The outermost layer of the cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A complex molecule found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Periplasmic Space

The space between the inner and outer membranes in Gram-negative bacteria that contains thin peptidoglycan.

Acid Fast Organisms

Organisms that have a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids in their cell walls.

Mycolic Acid

A type of acid that is bound to the exterior of the cell wall in acid-fast bacteria.

Cell Wall Deficient Bacteria

Bacteria that lack a cell wall and contain sterols in their cell membranes.

Surface Polymers Glycocalyx

Polysaccharide or polypeptide structures that project from the cellular surfaces of bacteria.

Capsule

A compact and tightly associated layer of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell and plays a role in virulence.

Slime Layer

A diffuse layer of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell and plays a role in virulence and adherence to host tissues.1. Masks attachment sites:Phagocytes and other components of the immune response are unable to recognize and bind to bacteria that have a capsule, which helps the bacteria evade the immune system.

Molecular mimicry

Some bacterial capsules contain components that are similar to the host's own components, such as hyaluronic acid, which allows the bacteria to blend in with the host's tissues and avoid detection by the immune system.

Difference in the nature of the phagocyte's membrane and the bacterial capsules

The membrane of phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, is different from the bacterial capsules, allowing the phagocytes to recognize and engulf bacteria that lack capsules.

Encapsulated bacteria

Certain bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitidis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, have capsules that can be observed as mucoid colonies on culture media.

Flagella

Organelles of locomotion in bacteria, made up of flagellin proteins, and can respond to chemotaxis (positive or negative movement towards or away from chemical signals).

Location of flagella

Flagella can be found in different arrangements on the bacterial cell surface, including monotrichous (single flagellum at one end), lophotrichous (multiple flagella at one end), peritrichous (flagella distributed all over the surface), and amphitrichous (flagella at both ends).

Pili

Non-motile, long, hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells, also known as conjugation pili. They are made up of pilin proteins and play a role in virulence by mediating DNA exchange, including the transfer of antimicrobial resistant genes.

Function of a pilus

Pili serve the function of attachment and penetration to host tissues, as well as genetic transfer between bacterial cells.

Fimbriae

Non-flagellar, sticky, proteinaceous appendages used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to the environment. They play a role in virulence by facilitating adherence to host tissues.

Bacterial arrangements

Bacteria can arrange themselves in different patterns, including pairs (diplococci and diplobacilli), chains (streptococci and streptobacilli), grapelike clusters (staphylococci), tetrads (groups of four), and cuboidal packets of eight (sarcinae).

Palisades

Some bacteria, like Corynebacterium, tend to place themselves side by side in a palisade arrangement.

Bacterial chromosomes (genome)

Bacterial chromosomes are not enclosed in a nucleus and consist of double-stranded DNA that is closed and circular. They contain all the information needed for a cell to grow and replicate and are packaged in a supercoil to fit the cell. Topoisomerases play a role in the correct formation of supercoils. Genes are specific DNA sequences that code for the amino acid sequence of proteins, and each gene has a promoter region in front of it for transcription initiation.

Non-chromosomal elements

Plasmids are extra-chromosomal elements that contain extra information, including genes for virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. They are not essential for bacterial growth and can be gained or lost. Plasmids are located in the cytoplasm, self-replicate, and are passed to daughter cells during binary fission. They can also be horizontally transferred to other cells through conjugation.

Jumping genes/transposable elements

Certain pieces of DNA, called transposons, are mobile and can "jump" from one place to another within the bacterial genome. Transposons can carry drug resistance genes.

Modes of genetic transfer

Conjugation is a mode of genetic transfer that occurs between two living cells through cell-to-cell contact and involves the mobilization of the donor bacterium's chromosomes. It is mediated by sex or conjugation pili and can transfer plasmids and chromosomal elements. Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes mediated by a bacteriophage. Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells and can follow a lytic pathway, resulting in the production of new phages and lysis of the bacterial cell, or a lysogenic pathway, where the phage gene is integrated into the bacterial genome and can be vertically transferred during binary fission.1. Transformation:The uptake of free or naked DNA released by dead organisms in the environment by a recipient cell.

Genetic recombination

The incorporation of DNA taken up from the environment into the recipient's genome.

Cell replication

The orderly increase of all chemical constituents of the cell and the replication of all cellular structures, organelles, and protoplasmic components from the nutrients present in the surrounding environment.

Generation time/doubling time

The average time required for an organism to double its number.

Source of Carbon

Represents 50% of the dry weight of a bacterium and is used for making cellular constituents.