Bio Test

cell theory

1. all living organisms made up of 1+ cells
2. cell is the basic organizational unit of life
3. all cells come from other cells

organelle

small structure in cell that fulfills a specific function

life processes of a cell

1. intake of nutrients
2. movement
3. growth
4. reproduction
5. response to stimuli
6. exchange of gases
7. waste removal

cell membrane

protective barrier around cell made from double lipid layer

lipid

fat-like molecule that does not dissolve in water

diffusion

process for moving substances across cell membrane from high concentration areas to low concentration areas

cytoplasm

jelly-like substance made of cytosol that the cell and contains nutrients for growth and reproduction

nucleus

the control centre for the cell that contains the cell’s DNA

DNA

contains coded information for making proteins

proteins

made from amino acids and determine everything in cell and are crucial to cell life

chromatin

when DNA is bound protein and appears granular

vacuoles and vesicles

used for storage of mainly water and waste

* central plant vacuole stores water
* animal vacuoles store water and waste

mitochondria

supplies energy to cell by converting sugar’s chemical energy to usable energy (ATP)

adenosine triphosphate

energy generated by mitochondria for all cell functions

lysosomes

filled with enzymes to digest and breakdown bacteria and large molecules into small components and clean up the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

small interconnected tubes that help move materials through the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

produces fats and oils

rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes proteins

ribosomes

can sometimes be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are initally assembled from amino acids

golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum and looks like stacks of flattened membranes

cytoskeleton

internal network of fibers made of protein filaments to maintain cell shape and cell locomotion

cell locomotion

movement of a cell from one place to another

motor protein

transport proteins by walking on the cytoskeleton

cell wall

rigid frame made of mainly cellulose that provides strengh, protection, and support

chloroplasts

contains chlorophyll to undergo photosynthesis

thylakoids

solar collectors in chloroplasts that are used to produce carbohydrates from the suns energy

granum / grana

a stack of thylakoids

carbohydrates

used for plant growth

stroma

thick fluid that surrounds the grana

cilia

small hair-like structures for cell movement, sweeping material into/away from the cell and surface area

flagella

a type of tail-like cilia for movement

nuclear envelope

surrounds genetic material to prevent damage

nuclear pores

transports molecules across nuclear envelope

nucleolus

transcribes DNA into ribosomal RNA

chromosome

long strand of wound up DNA that come in pairs

gene

segment of DNA

two parts of DNA

1. sugar bonded to a phosphate (deoxyribose)
2. sugar bonded to a nucleotide

nucleotide

part of DNA that acts like a code

4 types of nucleotides

1. adenine
2. thymine
3. cytosine
4. guanine

base pairs

1. adenine and thymine
2. cytosine and guanine

phenylketonuria

buildup of specific compound in blood leading to brain damage without screening

transgenic organisms

organisms with altered genetic information from inserting genes of another species

genetically modified organisms

organisms modified to survive climates and disease

mutagen

substance or factor that can cause DNA mutations

mutation

change in the original order of A, C, T, G building blocks

cloning

process of creating identical copies of an organism

stages of a cell cycle

1. interphase
2. cell division

interphase

cell performs normal activities and replicates DNA, composed of G1, S, and G2

cell division

formation of 2 daughter cells from mitosis and cytokinesis

gap 1

cell grows and does normal functions

synthesis

cell makes an exact copy of each chromosome in the cell

gap 2

cell grows and replicates mitochondriaD

DNA replication

when the original chromosome and copy are packaged side by side

chromatid

wound up chromosome

sister chromatid

pair of wound up chromosomes

reasons for cell division

1. growth of an organism
2. repairing injuries/dead cells
3. when a cell grows to large

mitosis

process by which the duplicated contents of a cells nucleus divide into 2 equal parts

cytokinesis

separation of two nuclei and cell contents into 2 daughter cells

steps of mitosis

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

prophase

1. DNA condenses into chromosomes
2. nuclear membrane breaks down
3. centrioles head towards opposite ends of the cell
4. spindle fibers form

metaphase

1. centrioles move to ends of cell
2. sister chromatids move towards equator
3. spindle fibers stretch to centromere

centromere

proteins holding the chromatids together

anaphase

1. spindle fibers retract and pull apart sister chomatids
2. pull now individual daughter chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell

telophase

1. spindle fibers start to disappear
2. membranes form around new daughter nuclei
3. chromosomes are less condensed

cytokinesis (animal cell)

1. spealized proteins contract the middle of the cell
2. cell divided into two and has complete set of organelles

cytokinesis (plant cell)

1. golgi body produces small vesciels lining up between two nuclei forming a cell plate
2. cell plate grows outward and joins the cell wall

necrosis

cell death from toxins

apoptosis

cell suicide from problems

cancer

cells with abnormal genetic material causing it to divide incontrollably and spread to other body parts

carcinogens

cancer causing agents that can chaneg DNA

malignant tumours

fast growing tumours that can easily spread throughout the body

benign tumours

slow-growing/non-growing tumour that does not spread

chemotherapy

uses drugs to kill cancer

curing cancer

killing all cells and can no longer be detected

radiation

targets a specific area and damages the cells DNA

regeneration

process where a body part is replaced or regrown

cell specialization

process where cells develop in different ways to perform particular functions

embryonic stem cells

found in embryos and can under differentiation

differentiation

cells look different from one another and perform different functions

adult stem cells

limited ability to create different cell types

in vitro fertilization

when the egg is fertilized in lab conditions

meristematic cells

unspecialized plant stem cells are active throughout the plant’s life and continuously produce various cells

multicellular organism

organism made of many cells

tissues

groups of cells which are similar in structure and perform common or related functions

types of tissues

1. epithelial tissue
2. muscle tissue
3. nervous tissue
4. connective tissue

epithelial tissue

made of tightly packed cells to form protective barrier

connective tissue

joins other tissues together

skin cells

acts as semi-permable barrier between inside and outside of body

types of connective tissues

1. tendons and ligaments
2. bone and cartilage
3. adipose tissue
4. blood

adipose tissue

fat storing cells for energy and provide cushioning for organs

blood

made of plasms, red and white blood cells, and platelets

red blood cells

contain hemoglobin which is a protein that can absorb and release oxygen gas

white blood cells

protect the body from bacteria, viruses and infection

platelets

cells that help in blood clotting

plasma

liquid portion of blood that has noc ells but contains proteins and chemicals

types of muscle tissue

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

skeletal muscle

striped-looking muscle attached to bone and are controlled for movement

smooth muscle

automatically move in blood vessels, stomach, and organs

cardiac muscle

automatically move in the heart

nervous tissue

consists of nerve cells that create and transmit messages called impulses via electrical change