CEE 2. Biochem (extra)

Autosomal

Chromosomes 1-22

Sex (Female/Male)

Chromosome 23

Plasma Membrane

Cell Membrane is also known as “___”

Hydrophilic tail

Hydrophobic head

Phospholipid bilayer is composed of:

______ tail

______ head

Rough ER (CHON Synthesis)

Embedded w/ ribosomes

peptide bonds for proteins

Linkage between 2AA

Cristae

Mitochondria structure is arranged into ___

Matrix

Spaces in between of cristae

Matrix

Where electron transfer chains occur

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates building blocks

Amino Acids

Proteins building blocks

Fatty acids

Lipids building blocks

Deoxyribonucleotide

Nucleic Acid DNA building blocks

Ribonucleotide

Nucleic Acids RNA building blocks

Prokaryotes

No defined nucleus because it’s not bound by membrane

Eukaryotes

True nucleus because bound by membrane

Biological Molecules

Structurally considered as “biopolymers”

Polymer

Made up of monomers, building blocks/units, repeating units

Side chain

Different amino acids differ in terms of ___

* Acidic side chain
* Basic side chain

Amino acids side chains

Glycine

Simplest amino acid

Achiral

Glycine is the only _____ amino acid

Amphoteric

Equally acidic and basic, thus balanced amino acid

Methyl

Side chain: Alanine

Isopropyl

Side chain: Valine

Isobutyl

Side chain: Leucine

Sec-butyl-group

Side chain: Isoleucine

Phenyl/Benzyl ring

Side chain: Phenylalaline

Indole

Side chain: Tryptophan

Thioether

Side chain: Methionine

Imino

Side chain: Proline

Hydrogen

Side chain: Gylcine

Alcohol

Side chain: Serine

Alcohol

Side chain: Threonine

Phenol

Side chain: Tyrosine

Amide

Side chain: Asparagine

Amide

Side chain: Glutamine

Thiol

Side chain: Cysteine

Imidazole

Side chain: Histidine

Guanidino

Side chain: Arginine

Lysine

Side chain: has amine so basic (?)

Selenocysteine

21st Amino acid

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine

Polar AA: OH

Asparagine, Glutamine

Polar AA: Amidic

Cysteine

Polar AA: SH

Albumin

Ovalbumine in egg white

Glutelin

Wheat

Prolamine

Zein (Corn)

Albuminoids

* keratin (hair)
* elastin (arteries & tendons)
* collagen (skin & tendons)

Histones

Hemoglobin

Prostamines

Salmin & sturin in fish sperm

Phosphoproteins

PO4 — Casein (milk), Ovovitellin (egg yolk)

Nucleoproteins

Nucleic acids — Nuclein (cell nuclei)

Glycoproteins

Carbohydrates — Mucin (saliva & vitreous humor)

Chromoproteins

Pigments (colored) — Hemoglobin

Lipoproteins

Lipids — Fatty acids, Lecithin, Sterol

Metalloproteins

Metals — Enzymes (xanthine oxidase)

Derived Proteins

Proteins influenced by external action/stimuli

Proteans

Ex. Fibrin from fibrinogen

Metaprotean

Ex. Acid/alkali albuminates - albuminoids

Coagulated CHONs

Ex. Coagulated egg albumin

Decreasing MW

Secondary Derived Proteins are arranged in _____

Secondary & Tertiary

What protein structures go through Denaturation?

Unfolding

Denaturation is also known as “_____”

* increase in temperature
* strong acid and/or base (extreme pH)
* organic solvents (alcohol, B-mercaproethanol, urea)

Denaturation is caused by:

Fibrous protein

2nd structures are alpha-helix & beta-pleated (collagen, elastic, keratin)

Globular protein

2nd structures is random coiling (albumin, hemoglobin, myoglobin)

Hydrogen bonds

Hemoglobin is stabilized by _____

Nitrogen Metabolism

Involves nucleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism

Toxic

Excess N must be eliminated from the body because it is _____

Uric Acid

Nitrogen Metabolism: Purine

Urea

Nitrogen Metabolism: Protein

Maple Syrup

* Urine disease (sweet smelling)
* X branched AA breakdown inability

Phenylketonuria

* lack of phenylalanine enzyme hydroxidase

Phenylalanine to Tyrosine

Phenylketonuria is necessary for degradation of ___ to ___

Increase

Without Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine levels _____

Substrate

A molecule that is acted upon by enzyme

Metal ions (cofactor)

Required to increase rate of catalysis

Kinases

Either add or remove groups

Acetyl CoA

Yield ketone bodies

LL - Leucine, Lycine

Example: Purely Ketogenic

TIPT - Tyrosine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

Example: Both ketogenic and glucogenic

PVT TIM HALL

Essential Amino Acids acronym

* Phenylalanine
* Valine
* Tryptophan

\
* Threonine
* Isoleucine
* Methionine

\
* Histidine
* Arginine
* Lysine
* Leucine

\

PVT TIM HALL

stomach

Protein Digestion

* starts in ___

small intestine

Protein Digestion

* ends in ___

Peptidases

Enzymes in which aid in the digestion of protein (aka proteoses or proteolytic enzymes)

1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous base

Parts of Nucleic Acid

Phosphodioester bonds

Nucleic acid Primary structure is stabilized by ___

H-bonds

Nucleic acid Secondary structure is stabilized by ___

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

States that the process of DNA to RNA is one direction only

Anti-Parallel

DNA exhibits _____

Double-stranded

Nucleic Acid # of strands of DNA

Single

Nucleic Acid # of strands of RNA

Deoxyribose

Nucleic Acid Pentose Sugar of DNA

Ribose

Nucleic Acid Pentose Sugar of RNA

Adenine & Guinine

Nucleic Acid Purine of DNA & RNA

Cytosine, Thymine

Nucleic Acid Pyrimidine of DNA

Cytosine, Uracil

Nucleic Acid Pyrimidine of RNA

Mostly at Nucleus

Nucleic Acid Cell Location of DNA