psy 341 final

amenorrhea

an absence of menstruation

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

binge

an episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

binge-purge syndrome

eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

enmeshed family pattern

a family system in which members are over involved with each other’s affairs and over concerned about each other’s welfare

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

lateral hypothalamus

the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

motivational interviewing

a collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change

multidimensional risk perspective

a theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. the mor factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder

ventromedial hypothalamus

the part of a hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

weight set point

the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain

compensatory behaviors

vomiting: fails to prevent the absorptions of half of the calories consumed during a binge, affects one’s ability to feel satiated- leads to more hunger laxatives or diuretics: caloric bingeing effects not undone

anorexia nervosa restricting type

lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food, show almost no variability in diet

exposure and response prevention

therapists require clients to eat particular kinds and amounts of food and then prevent them from vomiting

alcohol

a drug/substance that can affect our bodies and minds, drinking it can cause you to lose motor abilities

alcoholics anonymous

offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines

amphetamine

laboratory-manufactured drugs. became popular among people trying to lose weight or stay awake. most often taken in pill or capsule form. can increase energy and alter nests and reduce appetite in small dosages. in high doses it can produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis. increases the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin throughout the brain

aversion therapy

based on clinical conditional. clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug

barbiturates

a sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drug which was widely prescribed for the first half of the twentieth century. enhances activity of GABA, is addictive, and caused many people to die of overdose in the 1970s

benzodiazepines

a sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drug which was safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions. it increases GABA activity and binds to GABA receptors. in high doses it can cause intoxication and lead to sedative hypnotic use disorder

caffeine

a drug/substance that can affect our bodies or minds, drinking it can enhance productivity and alertness

cannabis drugs

produced from varieties of hemp plants in which potency varies. one major active ingredient, more of this causes more psychological effects. when smoked the individual experiences a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.

cocaine

the most powerful known natural stimulant. can be snorted, injected, or smoked. produces a euphoric rush of well-being and confidence. increase the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels

detoxification

systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug

endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

hallucinogen

produce powerful changes primarily in sensory perceptions (trips). strengthening normal perception and inducing hallucinations

korsakoff’s syndrome

a lack of vitamin B can lead to this causing extreme confusion and memory loss with confabulation

confabulation

the production or creation of false memories without the intent to deceive

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

increase and altered sensory perception, psychological changes, and physical symptoms

methadone maintenance program

a treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone- a heroin substitute- to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder

methamphetamine

has had a recent surge in popularity most made in stovetop labs that expel dangerous fumes and residue can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested has serious negative effects of physical, mental, and social life may cause neurotoxicity

morphine

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

naloxone

used for the treatment of a known or suspected opioid overdose emergency with signs of breathing problems and severe sleepiness or not being able to respond

opioid

opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

relapse-prevention training

a cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions

residential treatment center

people formerly dependent on drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies

reward circuit

pleasure pathway: VTA, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex

sedative-hypnotic drug

a drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep

substance intoxication

a cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance

substance use disorder

long term maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use

synergistic effect

more than one substance action on the body at the same time

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

the main active ingredient of cannabis substances

tolerance

need for increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect

withdrawal

unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when the person suddenly stops taking or cuts back on the substance

antipsychotic drugs

block excess dopamine production

delusion

ideas that they believe wholeheartedly but that have no basis in fact

delusions of persecution

believe they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized most common in schizophrenia

delusions of reference

attach special and personal meaning to the actions of other or to various objects or event

delusions of grandeur

believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons

delusions of control

believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people

dopamine hypothesis

certain neurons using dopamine fire too often, producing symptoms of schizophrenia

flat affect

show almost no emotions at all

hallucination

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

inappropriate affect

situationally unsuitable emotions, may sometimes be an emotional response to other disorder features

loose associations

rapid shift from one topic to another

negative symptoms

pathological deficits; characteristics that are lacking. poverty of speech, blunt/flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawl

positive symptoms

excesses of, or additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors

psychosis

state in which a person loses contact with reality

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

schizophrenogenic mother

a type of mother- supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children- who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child

second-generation antipsychotic drugs

atypical antipsychotic drugs

cognitive remediation

focuses on improving learning and memory through repeated practice of basic skills

community mental health center

a treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community

deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structures institutions to home- or community-based settings

extrapyramidal effects

a group of side effects from first-gen antipsychotics involving involuntary movements of different parts of the body parkinsonian symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia

neuroleptic drugs

often produce undesired movement effects, blocks excessive activity of dopamine (important neurotransmitter in movement) part of the first generation of antipsychotics

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary writhing or ticlike movements of the tongue, mounth, face, or whole body most cases are mild and involve a single symptoms dont unfold until people have taken antipsychotics for more than six months 15% of people on first gen antipsychotics for an extended time will develop this

prodromal phase

beginning of deterioration; mild symptoms social isolation, unusual thoughts, problems with communication and perception, less emotion

active phase

symptoms become apparent sometimes can be triggered by stress

residual phase

return to prodromal-like levels may retain some negative symptoms (pathological deficits, alogia, restricted affect)

poverty of speech (alogia)

reduction of quantity of speech or speech content may also say quite a bit but convery little meaning

parkinsonian symptoms

muscle tremors and muscle rigidity at least half of patients on traditional antipsychotics will develop these result of medication-induced reductions of dopamine activity in striatum

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of the autonomic nervous system 1% of patients, particularly in elderly patients

antisocial personality disorder

persistently disregard and violate other’ rights psychopaths and sociopaths lie repeatedly, implusive litter regard for others- can be cruel and sadistic four times for common in men

avoidant personality disorder

characterized by consistent discomfort and restain in social situations overwhelming feelings of inadequacy extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation fear of humilation avoid social contact because of dread of criticism

borderline personality disorder

characterized by instability, including major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity unstable interpersonal relationships 85% of people with this disorder also experience another psychological disorder in their lifetime

dependent personality disorder

individuals have a pervasive, excessive need to be cared for difficulty with separation clinging and obedient reliance on others for even small decisions

dialectical behavior therapy

includes both indivudal therapy sessions (featuring cognitive-behavioral interventions) and group sessions (featuring social skill- building and support) developed by marsha linehan

histrionic personality disorder

individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention engagement in attention-getting behaviors, always “on stage” vain and demanding suicide attempts to manipulate others

narcissistic personality disorder

people are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others exaggeration of achievements and talents seldom interested in the feelings of others

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control loss of flexibility, openness, and efficiency unreasonable high standards for self and others men are 2x as likely

paranoid personality disorder

characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others limited close relationships; cold and distant affect find hidden meanings that are not delusional and don’t remove the person from reality

personality disorder

an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or intimacy

personality disorder - trait specified

negative affectivity detachment antagonism disinhibition psychoticism

negative affectivity

experience negative emotions frequently and intensely

detachment

withdrawal from other people and social interaction

antagonism

behave in ways that put them at odds with other people

dishibition

behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences

psychoticism

unusual and bizarre experiences

schizoid personality disorder

characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships preference for being alone- weak social skills focuses on self and is generally unaffected by praise or criticism little demonstration of emotions

schizotypal personality disorder

characterized by a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities seek isolation thoughts and behaviors are noticeably disturbed ideas of reference

ADHD

have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave overactively and impulsively, or both learning and communication problems poor school performance misbehavior, often serious

augmentative communication system

communication boards, computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words, to represent objects or needs

autism spectrum disorder

marked by unresponsiveness to other people communication deficits, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

conduct disorder

a more severe problem, in which children repeatedly violate others’ basic rights often agressive and may be physically cruel to people and animals

down syndrome

the most common chromosomal disorder leading to intellectual disability

fetal alcohol syndrome

syndrome caused by alcohol use during pregnancy, affects the fetus’ development

intellectual disability

display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior, IQ must be lower than 70