volcanoes test 1

Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

what two things are spectacular and awe-inspiring natural phenomena.

Hawaiʻi

2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano on the Big Island of ?

700

how many houses did (the lava flows destroyed in the eruption of

Kīlauea

1983

what year did the long running

Kīlauea eruption begin

august 2018

when did

Kīlauea stop erupting

*passive*

costly and disruptive eruptions that are not deadly

explosive

what type of eruption was the 2019 small volcano whakaari in new zealand was

whakaari

what is the name of the small volcano that erupted in new zealand in 2019

22

how many people died in the whakaari eruption

volcano tourism

tourists visit places with volcanoes

10,000

how many people a year visit whakaari

whakaari

(an uninhabited, privately owned scenic reserve)

august

in 2021 when did the large but not huge earthquake hit haiti

137,000

how many fatalities were there in the 2010 earthquake in haiti

*earthquakes, buildings*

*"_________* __*don't kill people,*__ *_________kill people"*.

National Earth-quake Information Center

NEIC stand for?

NEIC

The primary source for near real-time (and general) earthquake information is the

NEIC

part of the United State Geological Survey

United State Geological Survey

USGS stand for

PAGER assessment

for significant earthquakes the NEIC very rapidly produces a ?

magnitude, intensity of ground motion and exposure of peeps

what determines the death and destruction in a quake (3 ) factors

magnitude

also known as size

intensity

amount of groudn motion is also called

Intensity of ground motion

is expressed in a I to XII scale

Modified Mercalli Intensity

a I to XII scale

Modified Mercalli Intensity

MMI known as

MMI VII

things get "bad" starting at?

MMI VII

is very strong shaking

resistant, vulnerable

__The damage done to structures__ depends on the MMI but also whether the structures are ? or ? to ground shaking

vulnerable

what is worse vulnerable or resistant?

assessment of the population exposure to different intensities of ground shaking

A critical feature of the PAGER is the

__more than a million__

For the 2021 Haiti quake how many people were exposed to MMI VII to MMI IX shaking with potential damage randing from moderate to very heavy

adobe

what style of construction is extremely common in developing countries

adobe

what style of construction is very easy and cheap to build found in haiti

haiti

which country is the poorest country in the western hemisphere

2,248

what was the death toll in the 2021 haiti quake

Will Durant

who said “ Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.”

10%

what percentage of the population __live in the vicinity of an active volcano and are at risk from volcanic eruptions__.

hundreds of millions

how many __**people**__ __live in regions prone to large earthquakes__

2004 Sumatra quake and tsunami, 2010 Haiti quake and 2011 Japan quake and tsunami

Since 2004 there have been three immensely devastating earthquakes what are these three

280,000

2004 Sumatra quake and tsunami number of deaths

220,000

2010 Haiti quake number of deaths

16,000

2011 Japan quake and tsunami number of deaths

2.7 million

Since 1900 how many deaths have happened __by, earthquakes and eruptions__.

800 billion

Since 1900 how much money has been lost __by, earthquakes and eruptions__

true

t/f the largest volcanic eruptions have the potential to kill hundreds of millions of people,

false

__t/f Very large earthquakes cannot kill (and historically have not killed) hundreds of thousands of people__,

2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami

the most expensive natural disaster *ever?*

volcanoes and earthquakes

__what two things are vital in making Earth a temperate ("Goldilocks") habitable planet__

2009

what year did the number of quakes in oklahoma increase by hundred times

facts

The data/observations are __?__ and not open to dispute;

interpretation

the hypothesis/theory developed from those facts is an __?__ that is open to dispute

fact

fact or interpretation? Meteorological records show that, over the last 250 years, the average global surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 1.2°C (global heating).

interpretation

fact or interpretation?

input of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere by human activity has caused this heating (anthropogenic global heating)

fact

fact or interpretation?

Life on Earth has evolved; this is abundantly clear from geology (the fossil rec-ord), biology, genetics, virology, *etc*., *etc*. 

interpretation

fact or interpretation?

Biological evolution is explained by the mechanism of natural select-ion.

objective

The scientific method is

__theory__

means a rigorously tested, accepted explanation for a phenomenon that is, to all intents and purposes, the __truth__ (or as close to the truth as we can get).

scientific method

seeks to __explain a natural phenomenon__ (*e.g*., earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) __in terms of natural processes__ a

falsifiable

__An hypothesis, and the theory arising from it,__ __*must*__ __be__

tectonics

refers to the large-scale structure of the rocks at Earth's surface

plate

is in the context of a piece of rigid material

plate tectonics

means that the surface geology of the Earth is formed by a number of discrete, large, rigid slabs of rock (the plates).

plate tectonics

Explains the non-random occurrence and location of nearly all earthquakes and most volc-anoes

plate tectonics

Explains the origin and location of most mountain belts and many mineral resources.

plate tectonics

is a __unifying theory__

plate tectonics

provides a framework within which we can understand many otherwise seemingly disparate geological processes and phenomena,

1960s

when did the plate tectonic theory oringinate

Abraham Ortelius

The premier cartographer of the late 1500s

Fixed continents

was the geological orthodoxy until the twentieth century.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher, statesman, and scientist, also noted, in *Novum Organum*,

Alfred Wegener

is credited as the 'father' of the __continental drift hypo-thesis__

Wegener

put together several compelling lines of evidence that the present-day continents were once joined.

Fauna and Flora, Ancient glaciation, Geology, and Paleoclimate

4 main lines of evidence Wegener used to formulate the continental drift __hypothesis__

plant

flora means

animal

fauna means

Climate and Physical isolation

the distribution of animal (fauna) and plant (flora) species has two main controls:

Climate

Within a continent, the geographical distribution of species depends on

Physical isolation

fossil fauna and flora are distinct on different continents, implying

Lystrosaurus

*land* reptile; as a non-swimmer it couldn't cross wide expanses of ocean

Mesosaurus

freshwater reptile that lived in lakes and rivers and had no tolerance for salty ocean water; *i.e.*, it wouldn't survive the swim across a wide, salty ocean

Glossopteris

fern that had large seed pods which were not easily wind-blown, and it grew only in a sub-polar climate

Paleoclimate

the ancient ("fossil") climate

panngea

prior to about 200 million years ago all of the present continents were assembled into one "supercontinent" which he named

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

200 million years ago Pangæa split into a northern part called ? and a southern part called ?

continental drift

the process by which Pangæa split up and the pieces (the present-day continents) drifted apart

__mechanism__

primary reason continental drift *did not* come to be generally accepted was that no one was able to come up with a satisfactory __?__ for movement of the continents

Tidal force, Centrifugal 'force and floated in, and glided over, a fluid layer

3 possible mechanisms for moving the continents about

2\.5 m

egener estimated that North America and Europe were moving apart at more than what per year

World War Two

played a key role in reviving the continental drift hypothesis

sea-floor spreading

the first brick in building the plate tectonics house

one third and two thirds

The surface of the planet we inhabit comprises about how much land and how much water

bathymetry

topography of the sea-floor

Submarine Mountain Ranges and Deep Ocean Trenches

two very striking features of the sea-floor

submarine mountain ranges

In all of the ocean basins (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific) there are long, linear features where the sea-floor is at unusually shallow depth.

submarine mountain ranges

are termed __mid-ocean ridges__.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

mar

East Pacific Rise

epr

deep ocean trenches.

unusually deep water, typically as long, linear features

Challenger Deep,

the deepest ocean in the world is