psych final 2

define psychotherapy

generic name of moral psychological treatment (usually refers to talk therapy but involves all interactions between client and therapist)

define psychopharmacology

use medications that treat mental health conditions

biological therapies are bases on the notion that psychological disorders result from what

abnormalities in the brain/nervous system cause the disorders and need medical intervention (medical approach like with sickness

approximately, how many types of therapists exist? What are their common goals?

over 400 approaches to treatment that all seek to change thoughts, behaviors, emotions (reducing stress or behaviors)

what is an eclectic approach to therapy

using techniques and principles from multiple therapeutic approaches or modalities, rather than adhering to a single theoretical framework

what did freud believe disorders were caused by? what is the goal of psychoanalysis?

believed disorders were from prior experiences (traumas) and the goal of treatment was to uncover the unconscious feelings

what is the difference between transference and countertransference?

transference - client unconsciously brings maladaptive relational patterns into therapeutic relationship (client who has battled over aggression views a therapist as aggressive)

Countertransference - therapists’ reaction to client influence their own history and conflicts (can be reduced by psychoanalytic therapy)

what is the difference of psychoanalysis and psychodynamics

psychoanalysis is concerned with the unconscious and dreams

psychodynamics is concerned with the human personality and mind as well (also examines the effects of the outside world on the individual and current life problems)

what are the techniques therapists deploy in psychodynamic theory

free association - open thoughts/ feelings talking

dream analysis - analyze dreams

transference

interpretations of insight on thoughts/ behaviors/feelings

analyze resistance - examine resistance to certain thoughts/feelings/behaviors ( turns into skip appointments/late)

what are the psychoanalytic techniques

therapist takes a passive role: client on couch and engage in exercises to access the unconscious (lasted for years and was expensive but proved weak for efficacy in treating most disorders)

Do psychologists and psychiatrists use freudian psychotherapies

most don’t use freuds theories of psychotherapy because it generally didn’t seem effective

what are the differences between behaviors therapy and psychodynamic therapy

behavior therapy focuses on the conscious processes while psychodynamic assesses the unconscious processes

behavior therapy is based on what principles

skinners principle of conditioning

according to classical conditioning, how do we learn behaviors

through Assocation of a stimulus and unconditioned response which turn conditioned

describe pavlov’s experiments

the ringing bell that initially did nothing but after connecting the bell with food, the dog would salivate just as it would when seeing food

how did Watson employ classical condition

develop advertising campaigns by making “coffee break” an american custom

what is the history behind behavioral therapy

alarm and pad (potty train) system of learning to associate the wet feeling bed to waking up

what are the differences in operant vs classical conditioning give an example of each

learning by consequences (think reinforcement) of behavior

the learner’s behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it, rewards or punishments

rat learns to pull lever for food

pavlov dog sound of bell association

describe the carrot and the stick approach of motivation

using food to guide donkeys - positive reinforcement is most effective and works for motivation to obey

what is positive vs negative reinforcement and how they increase or decrease behavior

positive is giving something and negative is taking away something

giving food is a positive reinforcer

removing video games to increase homework

what is postive vs negative punishment and how do they increase or decrease behavior

positive gives something and negative takes away - to decrease behavior

ticket to stop speeding

tows car for illegal parking

what are the goals of behavioral therapy

modify maladaptive behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that come to them

(replace the maladaptive with more adaptive behaviors such as finding an alternative of stress relief beside drinking)

in a behavioral assessment, what are the clinicians gathering details on? how is this done?

the when, where, and what’s ABCs

antecedent - what comes before - triggers

behavior - what they did/react

consequences - effects good or bad -

the training techniques employed in behavioral therapy

social skills training by teaching/rehearsing a wide range of skills for successful social interaction (teach shaking hands or interview)

assertiveness training with therapists teaching communication skills to help client be more effective at saying what they want to say in a situation

define cognitive therapy

modifying distorted thoughts so that it can eliminate maladaptive behaviors/emotions

how does cognitive restructuring operate

helps a person recognize maladaptive thoughts and patterns, thus replacing them with ways of viewing the world in its reality

what are the cognitive therapy techniques

\-refute

challenge thoughts through Socratic questioning

\-what is the evidence for? Against?

\- what’s the worst/nest that can happen? (and how to cope)

\-how are the effects of my thoughts - changing thoughts?

\-what would you tell a friend in the same situation

what is the therapist’s role in rational emotive therapy

therapist acts as a teacher, explains the client’s errors in a thinking/demonstrates adaptive ways to think and behave (albert Ellis)

what does interpersonal therapy focus on?

focuses on circumstance (relationships clients try to avoid_

\-integrates cognitive therapy with psychodynamic insight therapy

\-ideas how people relate to each other with cognitive techniques for insight

what is the therapist’s role in client-centered therapy

encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for person growth through greater self-understanding (humanistic approach - carl rogers)

what is the systems approach to family therapy

systems approach with the individual being part of a larger context (any change in individual changes the whole system)

entire family is client

what is the benefit of group therapy? on what dimensions is group therapy homogeneous and what dimensions of group therapy are heterogeneous

\-cost-effective for groups 6-12

\-usually homogenous on some dimensions with diagnosis/severity and heterogenous with other dimensions (duration, personality, characteristics)

how do psychotropic medication operate? what are the 4 classifications of psychotropic medications

affect mental processes through changes in brain chemistry; antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and mood stabilizers

benzodiazepines and xanax and ativan are an example of what type of drugs

anti-anxiety - anxiolytics

what side effects are associated with anti-anxiety drugs?

increase GABA + cause drowsiness, addictive, danger with alcohol/sedatives

what are the 4 types of antidepressants?

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclics, SSRIs, mixed reuptake inhibitors

these deal with serotonin and nonpinephrine generally

which antidepressant has a dangerous interaction with certain food (beer, red wine, cheese)

Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

which antidepressant do 40% of people stop using due to side effects

tricyclics

prozac is an example of what type of antidepressant

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) blocks serotonin reuptake which can be risky for suicide but it is common antidepressant

effexor is an example of what type of antidepressants

(mixed) reuptake inhibitors that block reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin

true or false, newer antidepressants like prozac and zoloft are more effective than older antidepresssants

false - they just have less side effects

what are dopamine antagonists and what are they used to treat

they are antipsychotics and treat schizophrenia and psychosis

reduces hallucinations and delusions - (dopamine levels)

what are the acute and permanent side effects of antipsychotics

antipsychotic side effects can include Parkinson’s symptoms, tardive dyskinesia

what does Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy do

effective for medication resistant depression with brief current that shocks the brain with seizures

what side effects are associated with electroconvulsive therapy

side effects include - short term memory loss usually restored

\-suffer form long-term memory loss

what does deep brain stimulation treat

implanting electrodes deep within the brain to treat OCD and depression (can reverse parkinson’s and low complications)

what is the most powerful way to determine cause-effect relationships

a controlled experiment

describe the procedures in a random clinical trial

\-randomization

\-intervention of a placebo and experimental drug

\-blinding for no bias

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PsyD can/is

clinical - provide treatments

PhD is/can

research

MD is/can

prescribe medicine -

what is the difference between being labled a psychotherapist and a counseling/clinical psychologists

the training, licensing, and overall credentials as professional which psychotherapists do not have

systematic desensitization is a form of treatment for what psychological disorder

specific phobias that fill out a fear hierarchy with exposure therapy

what treatments are used for panic disorders

panic control treatment (CBT)

what is cognitive and behavioral component of panic control treatment

cognitive component is when challenging clients misperceptions of danger

Behavior component is purposefully triggering the panic sensations and building tolerance

what medication treatments are used to treat panic disorders

tricyclics, SSRIS

both relaspe a lot and CBT is the best and no medication = better

What class of drugs are used to treated OCD?

antidepressants with SSRI first choice and 60% (but relapse common)

(anxiolytics/anti-anxiety is ineffective)

What treatment is most effective in treating OCD?

CBT (DBS is promising) deep brain stimulation

In the 1950's, what drugs were used to treat depression?

MAOIs and Tricyclics

In the 1980's, what drug was widely prescribed to treat depression?

Generally SSRIs

Which drugs to treat depression have the fewest serious side effects?

SSRIs

What theory is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) based on?

based on Behavioral therapy (classical and operant)

What is the goal of CBT?

Goal of CBT is to identify and challenge the negative thoughts/distortions through behavioral activation

What is the structure of CBT sessions?

Agenda, review hw and progress, cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, problem solving, and review all until next session

What are the alternative treatments for depression?

Exercise, Meditation, Light therapy (address SAD or seasonal affective disorder), etc.

What medication is used to treat bipolar disorder?

Lithium (lithium carbonate which is a salt)

Which class of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia?

Antipsychotics

What is the difference between Risperdal or Zyprexa vs. Clozapine?

Clozapine has the worse side effects and is more expensive, however, it is more successful than Risperdal or Zyprexa

Dialectical behavior therapy is used to treat what psychological disorder?

DBT used to treat - Borderline Personality Disorder

What therapies and practices does dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) combine? How does DBT operate?

* Targets extreme and dysfunctional behavior and replaces it with appropriate behavior
* Explores past traumatic events
* Helps a person develop self-respect/independent problem solving

Are there treatments for antisocial personality disorder? Why?

often impossible to treat because Patients often manipulate therapists and the medications have not been very effective

Psychoanalysis

concerned with the unconscious and dreams

Psychic determinism

memories, impressions, or experiences that occur in client's mind are related (i.e. Freudian Slip)

Insight

get the client to see the behavior pattern or problem is an issue in new light (frees client from unconscious influences)

Free association

client says whatever comes to mind and the therapist looks for signs of unconscious conflicts

Dream analysis

client describes dreams and therapists interpret the hidden meaning (not effective at all)

Resistance

increase in therapy interfering behaviors as core conflicts are addressed (i.e. skipping appointments or being late)

Psychodynamic therapy

Therapist helps address clients needs, desires, and motives as a way to understand stress

Observational learning

how other people behave and what happens as a result of certain actions

Token economy

people earn tokens for good behavior and trade them in for rewards/privileges

Schema

mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behavior

Rational emotive therapy

therapist act as teacher, explain clients' errors in a thinking/demonstrating adaptive ways to think and behave (Albert Ellis)

Expressed emotion

denote the intensity of expression of a range of emotions within the family context.

Unconditional positive regard

Therapist conveys that they care about the client and accept and trust the client's ability to change (don't approve everything but accept them as a worthy human)

Reflective listening

Listen to and repeat client's feelings back to them

Motivational interviewing

way of relating that may help another person increase their motivation to make health related changes (involve helping them explore reasons for and against behavior with resolution of conflict they feel)

Anxiolytics

treat anxiety

Benzodiazepines

anti-anxiety medication that increase GABA (primary neurotransmitter in the brain)

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors

antidepressant that is dangerous with cheese, milk, wine, and medicine (enzyme that breaks down serotonin/norepinephrine)

Tricyclics

antidepressant that is now less common due to side effects and lethality from ODs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) \n

Selective serotonin reuptake Inhibitors (block reuptake of serotonin so its more available and pose risk of suicide and side effects common, Fluoxetine/prozac)

prozac

SSRI

mixed reuptake inhibitors

SNRI or blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin - effexor

venlafaxine (effexor)

Mixed Reuptake Inhibitor

Neuroleptics -schizophrenia?

antipsychotics

Electroconvulsive therapy

shock therapy that is for depression that is medicine resistant

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Powerful current to make a magnetic field that is switched on and off rapidly

\n This affects the brain region directly below the wire coil which disrupts neural function (change how it functions)

Deep brain stimulation

Implanting electrodes deep within the brain and used for OCD and Depression

Independent variables

variable you change

Dependent variables

\n the measured result