whs grade 9 history midterm prep

charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor

feudalism

a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

castle

a large building formerly occupied by a ruler and fortified against attack

knight

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier. (14 years of training)

fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

clergy

church leaders

catholic church

branch of Christianity est. 1054 in Western Europe. noted for its separation from the political sphere, celibacy (essentially abstinence from sexual activity) in its clergy, and instance of the bishop of Rome, or pope, as its ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

peasant

a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank

Excommunication

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

interdict

to forbid or banish an entire kingdom from participating in church privileges

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

nobles

people from rich and powerful families

noblewomen

managed the household, performed necessary medical tasks, and supervised servants

Vassal

(n.) a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant; (adj.) subservient

guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests (ex: passed laws, made big decisions for the cities)

serf

Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived

secular

worldly, non-religious

universities

medieval schools

Common law

a system of law based on precedent and customs

Pope

Head of the Catholic Church

chivalry

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

how monarchs gained power

ruled through their courts, which were at first private households but from the 12th century developed into more formal and institutional bureaucratic structures

status quo (feudal pyramid)

everyone stays in their economic class

cathedrals

Gothic Architecture used to show religious spirit during the Middle Ages, normally large for mass amounts of people

black death

a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351, at the time they thought it could have been caused by the bubonic plague

magna carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that basically states the monarch must obey the law

Charter

A document from the king that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area

Canon Law

laws in roman catholic church which laid down papal pronouncements

Da Vinci

Painted the Mona Lisa and The Supper was a scientist too

Michelangelo

Florentine sculptor, painter, and architect

Machiavelli

"How-to" guidelines for ruling; ends justify the means

humanism

an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. in art it was emphasizing man and what man was capable of

patron

a person who provided financial support for the arts. most reoccurring patrons that appear in renaissance art are the medici's

predestination

the belief that what happens in human life and whether one's soul goes to heaven or hell has already been determined by god.

gutenberg

german printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) PRINTING PRESS

free will

'god's gift' to human beings making them have the freedom to make their own choices

thomas moore

wrote "utopia," a book about an ideal humanistic society

Peter Bruegel

painted the lives of everyday people

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, led to religious reform in Germany, denied that the church council and Pope had special power (NO INDULGENCES) got excommunicated but didn't care, believed that the bible was the sole source of religious truth and that all Christians had equal access to the bible, translated the bible to German vernacular (everyday language)

perspective (unit 3)

how dimensional the painting is (3D)

Shakespeare

the leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance

John Calvin

agreed with all of Luther's teachings but added the predestination aspect, believed that god long ago determined who would gain salvation (saints and sinners), set up a theocracy in Geneva (government run by religious leaders)

indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

scientific method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the moon, Catholic Church rejected his idea because it went against the ancient views and Christian teachings, was condemned and threatened to be hanged

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

natural laws

laws that govern human nature

Nicolaus Copernicus

Astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system (heliocentric).

english reformation

Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church.

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic beliefs.

Historiography

the writing of history, study of the development of historical method, historical research, and writing

artifacts

an object made by human beings that can help inform historians about an aspect of a culture

primary sources

original materials from the time period being studied, base of historical research

secondary sources

sources that are based on researching and interpreting primary sources, not original material from the time

tertiary sources

sources that list, or summarize information from primary and secondary sources

revisionist history

Returning to a historical theory and altering it or changing it based on newly discovered evidence OR omitting facts or evidence of the past to make a historical time or event fit one's agenda.

recorded history

began about 5,000 years ago when people began to keep written records

archaeologist

a scientist who examines objects to learn about the human past.

archivist

a person responsible for preserving, organizing, or servicing archival material

herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. had a more romanticized way of writing and often exaggerated events with a bias. Often made up conversations between people in events as he didn't know exactly what they were saying.

thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC). wrote in a realistic, dry, and descriptive way without bias.

legend

a story, based on fact, but with fictitious components that relates to the history of a civilization

myth

a story that tends to answer questions of origins and serves as a source of sacred truth

AD

Anno Domini (in the year of our lord)

CE

Common Era

BCE

before common era

BC

Before christ

perspective (unit 1)

a person's point of view, how they see things through different "lenses"
CAN INFLUENCE PERSPECTIVE: family, friends, teachers, news/media, religion, age, relationships, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, country of origin

historical theory

an answer to a historical question based on evidence studied and analyzed
1. question 2. presearch 3. theory/thesis (can change in the process) 4. research (go deeper) 5. conclusion

Bias

A positive or negative viewpoint on a historical time or event that comes abut us as a result of a person's perspective

pre-history

the period of time before written records

New Testament

chronicles the life of Jesus, lessons+teachings of Jesus

Holy Bible

The holy book of Christianity

Catholic

roman catholics (originals)

protestant

worked to break away from the catholic church

Jesus

Messiah of Christianity

abraham

founder of judaism

torah

The first five books of Jewish Scripture/old testament, which they believe are by Moses.

messiah

Savior sent by God to bring the jews to the promised holy land. In christianity, they believe jesus is this

10 commandments

moral code of 10 laws, written by god and given to moses. one of these laws is to 'honor thy father and mother'

Mosque

Muslim place of worship

5 Pillars of Islam

1. No god but Allah+Mohammed is his only prophet (messenger)
2. Fasting during Ramadan (1 month)
3. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca once per lifetime)
4. Daily prayers 5 times a day facing Mecca
5. Charity to poor/needy

Allah

God of Islam (monotheistic)

Mohammed

Founder of Islam

The Koran/Quar'an/Quaran

The holy book of Islam, given to Mohammed by Allah+written in first person as if Allah is speaking directly to Mohammed

synogogue

Jewish place of worship

confucius

chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)

5 relationships

husband→wife
ruler→ruled
father→son
elder brother→younger brother
friend→friend

analects

book that confucius wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism

The Vedas

The holy book of Hinduism

Karma

the effects of a person's actions that determine their destiny in their next incarnation

The Brahman

Ultimate reality/ force that holds up the universe

Reincarnation

The rebirth of a soul

Brahma

The creator

Shiva

The destroyer

Western Religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Eastern Religions

Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism

Vishnu

The preserver

Four Noble Truths

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is desire 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. 4) The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path