Exam 3

composed of chap11-15 and exam 3 cards

age grade

an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories during a lifetime

age sets

groups of persons initiated into age grades simultaneously who move through the series of categories together

common-interest associations

associations not based on age, kinship, marriage, or territory but that result from an act of joining

stratified society

the division of society into two or more categories of people who do not share equally in the basic resources that support life, influence, and prestige

egalitarian societies

social systems in which as many valued positions as persons capable of filling them

social class

a category of individuals who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the evaluation system

caste

a special form of social class in which membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life

verbal evaluation

the way people in a stratified society evaluate society members

symbolic indicators

in a stratified society, activities and possessions indicative of social class

mobility

the ability to change one's class position

closed-class societies

stratified societies that severely restrict social mobility

open-class societies

stratified societies that permit a great deal of social mobility

band

a small group of related households occupying a particular region, that gather periodically on an ad hoc basis but which do not yield their sovereignty to the larger collective

tribe

a group of nominally independent communities occupying a specific region and sharing a common language and culture integrated by some unifying factor

segmentary lineage system

a form of political organization in which a larger group is broken up into clans that are further divided into lineages

chiefdom

a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

state

in anthropology, a centralized political system with the power to coerce

nation

communities of people who see themselves as "one people" on the basis of common ancestry, history, society, institutions, ideology, language, territory, and (often) religion

cultural control

control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

social control

control over groups through open coercion

sanctions

externalized social controls designed to encourage conformity to social norms

law

formal negative sanctions

negotiations

the use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement

mediation

settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party

adjudication

mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision

worldviews

the conceptions, explicit and implicit, an individual or society has of the limits and workings of its world

religion

organized beliefs in the supernatural that rationalize rituals aimed at interpreting and controlling aspects of theuniverse otherwise beyond human control

polytheism

belief in several gods and/or goddesses (as contrasted with monotheismbelief in one god or goddess)

pantheon

the several gods and goddesses of a people

animism

a belief in spirit beings thought to animate nature

animatism

a belief that the world is animated by impersonal supernatural powers

priest or priestess

a full-time religious specialist

shaman

A part-time religious specialist whose special power to contact and manipulate supernatural beings and forces in an altered state of consciousness comes to him or her through some personal experience

rites of passage

rituals, often religious in nature, marking important stages in the lives of individuals, such as birth, marriage, and death

rites of intensification

religious rituals enacted during a group's real or potential crisis

separation

in rites of passage, the ritual removal or the individual from society

transition

in rites of passage, isolation of the individual following separation and prior to incorporation into society

incorporation

in rites of passage, reincorporation of the individual into society in his or her new status

imitative [or sympathetic] magic

magic based on the principle that like produces like

contagious magic

magic based on the principle that things once in contact can influence one another after separation

witchcraft

an explanation of events based on the belief certain individuals possess an innate, psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death; also includes beliefs and practices of benevolent magic

divination

a magical procedure for determining the cause of a particular event, such as illness, or foretelling the future

revitalization movements

social movements, often of a religious nature, with the purpose of totally reforming a society

folklore

a nineteenth century term first used to refer to the traditional oral stories and sayings of the European peasant and later extended to traditions preserved orally in all societies

folkloristics

the study of folklore (as linguistics is the study of language)

myth

A sacred narrative explaining how the world came to be in its present form

legends

stories told as true and set in the post-creation period

epics

long oral narratives, sometimes in poetry or rhythmic prose, recounting the glorious events in the life of a real or legendary person

tale

A creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment

motif

A story situation in a folktale

ethnomusicology

the study of a society's music in terms of its cultural setting

tonality

in music, scale systems and their modifications

entoptic phenomena

bright, pulsating geometric forms the central nervous system generates and "seen" in trace states

construal

in the second stage of trance, the process the brain uses when trying to "make sense" of entoptic images

iconic images

hallucinations of people, animals, and monsters "seen" in the deepest trance stage

aesthetics

(Wolford's definition) : the rules by which beauty and pleasure is to be evaluated in a culture

aesthetic experience

(Wolford's definition) : the pleasure we feel when we recognized something as beautiful

aesthetic locus

(Wolford's definition) : the area of a culture to which a society devotes its aesthetic effort

primary innovation

The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device

secondary innovation

The deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device.

Diffusion

The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another.

Culture Loss

The abondonment of an existing practice or trait

Acculturation

Massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society.

Ethnocide

The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society's cultural heritage.

Tradition

Customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may from an obstacle to new ways of doing things

Syncretism

In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.

Rebellion

Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power

Revolution

Radical change in a society or culture. in the political arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one.

Modernization

The process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrial societies.

sanctions

controls designed to conform people to social norms

law

formal negetive sanctions

Negotiation

use of argument and compromise for agreement

Mediation

deciding of an argument using third party's help

Adjudication

deciding of an argument by third party only

worldview

ideas of members of a culture concerning their reality

religion

ideas of spiritualism, supernatural, etc beyond human control

spirituality

like religion but individuals beliefs not the whole collective

animism

enlivening of nature by a distinct spiritual being

animitism

enlivening of nature by impersonal power or spiritual potency

shaman

person who enters altered state to acquire knowledge and help others

Rites of intensitifcation

rituals done during a personal crisis to bind individuals together

Rites of passage

rituals to mark individuals life cycle (ex. birth marriage death)

Imitative magic

"Sympathetic magic"

contagious magic

magic where contact has been made and then after it is broken influence has been done.

witchcraft

belief, certain individuals have power to cause harm

Divination

Magical procedure to figure out unknown things (ex. fortune telling)

entopic phenomena

bright pulsating geometric figure sent by nervous system and seen during trance

iconic images

images seen during trance

folklore

unwritten stories of european peasants perserved orally

myth

a sacred narrative. Explains fundamentals of human exsistance

legend

story told as true but w/ no evidence. about a memorable event handed down by tradition.

epic

a long oral narrative about events of a legendary person

motif

a story situation in a folklore

tonality

scale systems and their modifications

primary innovation

invention/discovery of a new idea, method, or device

secondary innovation

modification of an already exsisting idea, method, or device

Diffusion

spread of culture from one society to another

Acculturation

massive cultural changes when one culture comes into contact with another more powerful one

Genocide

the extermination of one people by another in the name of progress

syncretism

the blending of foreign and indiginous traits to form a new system