Cardio A&P

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels - circulates oxygen and nutrients to body and removes wastes, without this, body quickly dies

closed fist

what is the heart the size of?

pericardium (pericardial sac)

fibrous sac that covers heart, contains fluid to prevent friction

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardium

visceral pericardium

lines the heart

pericardial cavity

space between the two pericardiums

epicardium

outer protective layer

myocardium

thick middle layer with cardiac muscle tissue that contracts to pump blood

endocardium

thin epithelial lining inside heart

4

how many heart chambers are there?

atria

upper chambers, receive blood returning to heart

ventricles

lower chambers that have thick muscular walls that pump blood out of heart

interatrial septum

what are the left and right atria separated by?

interventricular septum

what are the left and right ventricles separated by?

body, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

what is the path of blood flow? (14)

right atrium

receives low O2 blood from inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

between right atrium and right ventricle, keeps blood from moving backwards

cordae tendonae

cords from papillary muscles in ventricle that prevent valve from swinging backwards

pulmonary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

pulmonary arteries

takes blood to lungs

pulmonary veins

brings O2 rich blood from lungs to left atrium

left atrium

collects blood from pulmonary veins

mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)

between left atrium and left ventricle

left ventricle

thickest walls - great contraction needed to pump blood to all of body

aortic valve

between left ventricle and aorta

aorta

main artery takes blood to body

coronary arteries

two \__________ \___________ branch immediately off of aorta to supply the heart

cardiac veins

what drains into coronary sinus?

coronary sinus

\___________ \_________ empties into right atrium

contraction

systole

relaxing

distole

opposite

atria and ventricle contract and relax at \________ times

cardiac cycle

atria fill with blood from veins, atria contract forcing blood into ventricles, ventricles then contract

A-V valves

when ventricles contract, force closes \______ \_________

papillary, cords

when ventricles contract, \_______ muscles contract, \_____ hold valves in place

contraction

when ventricles contract, atria begins to fill for next \_____________

aortic, pulmonary

After ventricle contraction, \________ and \_______________ valves close

lubb, dupp

what are the 2 heart sounds?

lubb

sound of A-V valves closing during ventricular contraction

dupp

sound of pulmonary and aortic valves closing after ventricular contraction

murmur

extra sound indicating valve doesn't close completely with blood leaking back through valve

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

mitral valve doesn't close completely - causes chest pain, fatigue, anxiety

endocarditis

inflammation of heart lining that changes shape of valve causing a murmur

cardiac conduction system

specialized cardiac tissue that distributes heart impulses

sinoatrial node

S-A node - stimulates heart to contract by itself, rhythmic contractions, contracts atria, triggers A-V node

pacemaker

S-A node is the hearts \____________

70-80

how many times does the heart beat per minute?

atrioventricular node (A-V node)

contracts ventricles, delays due to conduction allowing atria to contract completely

Purkinje fibers

connect cells in ventricles for one large strong contraction

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

recording of electrical charges in heart during a normal cardiac cycle

deflections, QRS

electrocradiograms show a series of \__________ or waves - \_______ wave

diagnose heart conditions

What can physicians do from EKGs?

arrhythmia

altered heart rhythms - no blood being pumped

ventricular fibrillation

rapid uncoordinated heart rhythms

tachycardia

abnormally fast heart beat

flutters

when a heart chamber contracts too quickly

pacemaker

can be implanted to shock heart into correct rhythm

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

finer, arterioles

arteries give rise to \_______ branched \__________

smooth, clot

arteries have a \_______ surface on inside to blood doesn't \_______

vasoconstriction

contraction of smooth muscles

saves

vasoconstriction \________ body heat

increases

vasoconstriction \___________ blood pressure

vasodilation

relaxation of smooth muscle

releases

vasodilation \_________ body heat

lowers

vasodilation \____________ blood pressure

capillaries

smallest blood vessels

thin, diffuse

capillaries are very \______ so materials can easily \__________ through

small, pass

capillaries have \______ openings so materials can \________

filtration

water pressure forces things through the membrane

out

higher pressure on artery side forces fluid \_______

in

lower pressure on vein side forces fluid \_______

lymph system

returns excess fluid to veins

venules

small veins that connect capillaries to veins

veins

carry blood back to heart

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

what is the order of blood flow?

semilunar valves

what do veins contain that keep blood from flowing backwards?

aneurysm

a weak region where pressure forms a balloon - can potentially rupture

vericose veins

abnormal irregular dilations in veins, especially legs - valves don't work causing blood to pool

blood pressure

pressure blood puts on walls

systolic pressure

high/top number, when ventricles contract, highest pressure in the system

diastolic pressure

low/bottom number, lowest resting pressure in system

pulse

alternating expanding and shrinking of artery walls

wrist, side of neck

Where can you find your pulse?

ventricular contraction rate (heart rate)

what is your pulse equal to?

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff

stethoscope

listen for sounds

systolic, diastolic

when using a stethoscope, the first sound you hear is \_________ and when sounds end it is at \___________

120/80

what is normal blood pressure?

hypertension

high bp

hypotension

low bp

stroke volume

volume of blood discharged from ventricle

cardiac output, heart, blood

\_______ \________\= stroke volume times the \_____ rate \= total amount of \______ pumped per minute

blood volume

more volume the higher the bp and vice versa

peripheral resistance

friction between blood and walls

viscosity

how thick blood is - thicker it is the more force, bp, required to push it

baroreceptors in aorta

what senses bp changes?

stroke volume, heart rate, peripheral resistance

what can baroreceptors increase/decrease?

brachiocephalic artery

first branch - goes to upper limb and head