Causality and Correlation

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5 Terms

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Correlation

A measure of association between an independent variable and a dependent variable

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Direction (positive/negative) of correlations and their strength

  • Correlation may be positive (IV and DV increase/decrease together) or negative (IV and DV have inverse relationship)

  • Correlate (r) varies in strength (0 to 1)

    • If r = 0, IV and DV are unrelated

    • If r = (+/-)1, IV and DV are perfectly related

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Three criteria of causality

  • Correlation: association between IV and DV

  • Temporal priority – in order for something to be a cause of crime, it must be proven to occur prior to crime

    • Time spent in prison → violent behavior

    • Violent behavior ← time spent in prison

  • Non-spuriousness

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Spuriousness

The observed relationship between two variables is due to chance and some 3rd variable

  • If spurious, no causal relationship

Will ask what spuriousness means and what an example of spuriousness means in context

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Example and diagram of a spurious correlation