Final Review: World History

Shia (Shiite)

branch of Islam that believes only imams (descendants of Ali) should decide religious and worldly matters (less than 10% of Muslims today)

Mecca

located on the Arabian peninsula; the city Muslims pray towards; also the city of the prophet Muhammad's birth; also Makkah

Qur'an (Koran)

holy book of Islam, includes rules and instructions for right living

Mosque

Muslim place of worship

Shar'ia

Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.

Muhammad

prophet who received messages from the angel, Gabriel, and finds a new religion, Islam

The Empire was ruled by Mansa Musa. He upheld a strong gold-salt trade.

Mali Empire

Caliph

leader; literally means, "successor of the prophet"

Sunni

branch of Islam who believes agreement among Muslim people should settle religious and worldly matters (majority of Muslims today)

The Empire was ruled by Mansa Musa. He upheld a strong gold-salt trade.

Mali Empire

The dominant religion (eventually) in West Africa.

Islam

Main source of trade and wealth in the African kingdoms because the Europeans wanted one, and the Africans needed the other.

Gold and Salt

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Mansa Musa

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. Center of education, trade, and religion for centuries.

Timbuktu

Helots

State-owned slaves in Sparta

Hellenization

The process of spreading Greek culture and ideas to the world.

Xerxes

Famous Persian Emperor that fought versus the Spartans.

Peloponnesus

The claw-shaped peninsula forming the southern part of the mainland of Greece, the city-state of Sparta was located there

stipend

a fixed salary, that enabled poorer citizens to work in government positions.

Greek Architecture

The use of straight lines and columns to represent "perfect balance" in buildings and structures.

Polis

Name for a Greek city-state.

Persian Empire

Empire that began to invade to the Greek region from Asia.

Philip II of Macedonia

Macedonian king that took control of Greece when it was at a weak point.

tyrant

a leader who gained and held power through the use of force

Delian League

Alliance that was controlled by Athens

Aphrodite

Goddess of love and beauty

Peloponnesian War

Greek war fought between Sparta and Athens.

Athens

A city-state the focused on education, economy, and democracy.

Mountains and Coastlines

The primary features of the Greek geographical landscape. Led to isolated and unique city-states.

King Leonidas

King of Sparta, led the 300 Spartans who fought Xerxes at the battle of Thermopylae

Herodotus and Thucydides

Greek historians that documented events in the Mediterranean region.

Oligarchy

Power of the government exists in a small, elite group.

Marathon (26.2 miles)

A race that gains its name and distance from the legend of Pheidippides who ran from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to exclaim victory over the Persians.

Alexander the Great

A young Macedonian king that conquered the much of the known world in a 10 year span.

Battle of Marathon

Athenian victory over Persian forces to end the 1st Persian invasion.

Democracy

Power of the government exists in the eligible members of society.

Direct Democracy

Every person in society has a vote and it counts equally. The whole population directly impacts decisions.

Sparta

A city-state that focused on military prowess, and ensuring their slaves could not rebel. Strict society where military training began at age 7.

Battle of Thermopylae

Famous battle where 300 Spartans held off a large Persian army.

Alexander the III of Macedonia is also know as \___________________

Alexander the Great

Which battle was the naval defeat of the Persian navy

Salamis

Who fought the Persians at Marathon?

Athens

Africa

Continent where Egypt is located

Pharaohs were seen as...?

Gods

canopic

Jars in which the ancient Egyptians preserved the internal organs of a deceased person usually for burial with the mummy.

Rosetta Stone

Artifact that unlocked the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics; slab of stone inscribed with hieroglyphics

papyrus

Egyptian paper made from reed plants

What direction does the Nile River flow?

from south to north

The Nile flooding

was a predictable (annual) event that the Egyptians used to plan their farming and calendars.

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

irrigation

watering of dry land by using ditches, pipes or streams

delta

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake

hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Developed under Qin Shihuangdi. Was developed to keep out the Xiongnu (nomadic peopel).

The Great Wall of China

Confucius believed in respecting parents and \________.

rulers

What is the purpose of pyramids?

For dead royals tombs

Where did the Silk Road get its name?

From the silk that China sold to the rest of the world

Where were Lower and Upper Egypt located

North and south egypt

The Nile flooding

was a predictable (annual) event that the Egyptians used to plan their farming and calendars.

About how many people died from the Plague?

50 million

Travel in early China was limited by...

mountains

Tigris and Euphrates

Two major rivers of Mesopotamia

The wheel

a Mesopotamian invention that was created at around 3500 BCE and was used to make wheeled carts

pictograph

a simple picture to stand for objects and ideals

standardization

the process of making things similar

Platforms that look like stairs for growing crops.

Terrace

Harappa

Oldest city in Indian civilization. Had wide straight streets, brick buildings, and the world's first sewer system. Writing has not been deciphered yet, but resembles Egyptian Hieroglyphics.

Yellowish brown soil

loess

Caste System

People are divided into different social classes; based on Hinduism, and still in use today.

Yellow River

Also known as the Yangtze River. Where Chinese cuvilization began.

Bones used to predict the future

Oracle

Confucius

Most famous teacher and philisopher of Confucianism. Emphasized work ethic and doing the right thing. Most famous sayings involved harmony between people and government.

Reincarnation

rebirth of the soul, but depends on the life you lead as to what station you are reborn into

Monsoon

heavy winds that bring rainfall to India from June to October and help with agriculture.

Silk Road

Trade route that ran from China to the Mediterranian and India. Over 7000 miles long.

Indus River Valley

Where Indian civilization began

Taught that all men with a talent for governing should take part in government. Also focused on the person putting the needs of family and community before his or her own needs. Based on the teachings of Confucius.

Confucianism

Declared himself "The First Qin Emperor". Emperor after the Zhou Dynasty. Made changes in China's government that lasted 2,000 years. Followed the teachings of Legalism. Strong central government run by censors. China comes from his name.

Qin Shi Huangdi

Large network of trade routes stretched 4,000 miles from western China to southwest Asia.

The Silk Road

The New Kingdom of Egypt

the period 1550 BC-1050 BC where Egypt reached the height of its power and glory; King Ahmose key figure

Middle Kingdom of Egypt

period of order and stability from 2050 BC-1750 BC

Wedge-Shaped system of writing developed by the Sumerians

Cuneiform

Code of Hammurabi

a law code enacted by Hammurabi, the king of Babylonia around 1772 BC

Indus River Valley Civilization developed along what river

Indus River

Seasonal wind patter in Souther Asia.

Monsoon

Homo Sapiens Sapiens means

wise wise human

Culture is

The was of life of a people in a certain time and place

What group took over places left by the Indus Valley people?

The Aryans

The Himalayan Mountains separate India from the rest of Asia.

True

settlement

a place where people start a new place to live

What metal did the Sumerians learn to produce by adding

Bronze

Where was the Indus Valley Civilization?

Pakistan and India

Domestication

is a verb that means to overcome the wildness of; make docile and tractable. To domesticate something is to tame a wild animal or plant so it can live with people. Dogs and cats are called domesticated animals because they live with us peacefully.

A pyramid shaped temple rising high above the city of Sumer in Mesopotamia; A massive stepped tower built by the Sumerians was called

Ziggurat

Fertile Crescent

the area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East, also known as Mesopotamia, where the first human civilizations emerged

Shang China

(3950-1500 BCE) an early river valley civilization in China established on the Huang He (Yellow) River

Pharaoh

a ruler in ancient Egypt.

Sumerians

a member of the indigenous non-Semitic people of ancient Babylonia

nomad

a person who lives a nomadic lifestyle, moving from one place to another following food sources

Neolithic Revolution

(starting in 10,000 BCE) a turning point in history that changed the way Paleolithic people lived their lives. People shifted from hunting and gathering for food to agriculture. Instead of living as nomads, people settled down in permanent settlements. The Neolithic Revolution led to the first civilizations.