PTH 151: Head, Neck, and Trunk

What are the functions for the structure of the spine?

to support the trunk, protect the spinal cord, and allows movement

How many vertebraes are in the cervical region of the spine?

7

How many vertebraes are in the thoracic portion of the spine?

12

How many vertebraes are in the lumbar region of the spine?

5

How many vertebraes are in the Sacral region of the spine?

5 fused

How many vertebraes are in the Coccygeal region of the spine?

3-4 fused

Where are intervertebral discs located?

between vertebrae

Why does our intervertebral discs curve?

it helps balance weight of the body on spine

The Cervical region of the spine is concave or convex?

concave

The Thoracic region of the spine is concave or convex?

convex

The Lumbar region of the spine is concave or convex?

concave

The Sacral region of the spine is concave or convex?

convex

How many degrees of freedom does the movement of the spine have?

3 (6 when including both direction) degrees of freedom

What are the movements the spine performs?

flexion/extension, Left and Right lateral flexion (side bending) , Left or Right Rotation

A small amount of movement occurs at ______ _______ to provide a great amount of ROM total?

each joint

What is the largest part of the vertebrae?

vertebral body

Where is the vertebral body located?

anterior aspect cylindrical

The vertebral body bears…?

the weight

In the vertebral body, ____________ bone is covered with a thin layer of ___________ bone

spongy (cancellous); cortical (compact)

The superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body is covered with…?

hyaline cartilage

How is the vertebral arch shaped?

irregular horse shoe-shaped with projections

Where is the vertebral arch located at?

posterior portion

What is the purpose of the vertebral arch?

protects the spinal cord

What are the 2 bones that make up the vertebral arch in a vertebrae?

pedicle and laminae

Where is the pedicle located?

on posterior surface of body

What is the purpose of the pedicle?

attaches the arch to the body of the vertebrae

Pedicles extend posterior to connect to…?

the laminae

Where does the transverse process project to?

laterally at about union of pedicle and lamina

What is the purpose of the transverse process?

muscle and ligament attachment

Where is the Spinous process located?

a midline posterior projection from lamina

The vertebral notch on pedicles form…?

the intervertebral foramen

Where do spinal nerves exit from?

vertebral canal

What is the area highlighted green?

lamina of vertebral arch

What is the area highlighted in green?

pedicle of vertebral arch

What type of joints are the superior and inferior articular processes?

synovial joints

The superior and inferior articular processes bear…?

smooth facets for articulation with vertebrae above and below

The position and planes of articulation for the superior and inferior articular processes…?

vary with region

What is another name for the superior and inferior articular processes?

zygoapohyses

Each transverse process in the cervical region contain a foramen called..?

transverse foramen

Which artery passes through the transverse foramen of the upper 6 cervical vertebrae?

vertebral artery

How would you describe the body of the cervical vertebrae?

small, but increase in size caudally

The middle cervical spinous processes are…?

bifurcated (into two branches or forks)

How would you describe the facets in the cervical region?

slightly oblique to the transverse plane

What movement do the facets in the cervical region facilitates?

rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending

What does the cervical spine protect?

vertebral arteries

What does the cervical spine support?

the head

How many planes of motion are permitted in the cervical spine?

all 3 planes of motion are permitted

Which two movements has the greatest motion in the cervical spine?

rotation and lateral flexion

Which two vertebraes does the most rotation occur in the cervical spine?

C1-C2

What is C1 called?

Atlas

Does the Atlas (C1) have a body?

no

What type of arch does the Atlas (C1) have?

anterior arch

Where does the lateral mass lie at the Atlas (C1)?

to each side

Does the atlas have articular facets?

Yes

Is the superior articular facets of the Atlas (C1) concave or convex?

concave

What does the superior articular facets of the Atlas articulate with?

occipital condyles

Does the Atlas (C1) contain a spinous process?

no

Does the atlas have a posterior tubercle?

yes

What is C2 called?

Axis

What is the vertical projection of the Axis called?

Odontoid process or Dens

The Dens (Odontoid Process) of the Axis articulates with what?

with anterior arch of atlas

The Odontoid Process of the axis and anterior arch of atlas is held in place by which ligament?

Transverse ligament

What is the fracture of the pedicle of C2 is called?

Hangman’s fracture

How does a Hangman’s fracture occur?

due to hyperextension injury

How can a odontoid fracture occur?

result of trauma to C spine (ex: driving)

An odontoid fracture can occur with what types of movement?

hyperextension and hyperflexion

The Atlanto-Occipital (AO) joint allows what types of movement?

flexion and extension (ex: nodding “yes”)

In the Atlanto-Axial (AA) joint, the dens act as a…?

pivot around which the atlas rotates

Which movement does the Atlanto-Axial (AA) joint allow?

rotation (ex: no)

Is there a disk in the Atlanto-Axial (AA) joint?

no

Which ligament is supported by the Atlanto-Axial (AA) Joint?

the transverse ligament

In Thoracic Region, the body contains articular facets for the…?

ribs

In the thoracic region, the arch contains a long…?

spinous process

How is the arch of the thoracic region projected?

inferiorly

In the thoracic region, the arch overlaps…?

the inferior vertebra

In which plane do the facets orient in the thoracic region?

the frontal plane

Which movement do the facets facilitate the MOST in the thoracic region?

lateral flexion

How would you describe the costovertebral articulation in the thoracic region?

each thoracic vertebrae articulates with a pair of ribs and the inferior border of one and is superior of the other

Where is the costotransverse articulation facets of the thoracic region?

tips of the transverse process to the costal tubercle of the rib

What kind of movement is permitted in the Thoracic Region?

all movements are permitted

Which movement is MOST FREE in the thoracic region?

lateral flexion

Motion is limited in the thoracic region because of…?

the ribs

What is the size of the body in the Lumbar region?

large

In the arch of the lumbar region, how is the spinous process?

broad thick and horizontal

In which plane do the facets orient in the lumbar region?

sagittal plane

Where does the superior facets face in the lumbar region?

medially

Where do the inferior facets face in the lumbar region?

laterally

Which movements do the facets facilitate in the lumbar region?

trunk flexion and extension

What does the lumbar region provide support for the…?

weight of the upper body

What movements does the lumbar region do?

all movements available

Which movements are limited in the lumbar region?

lateral flexion and rotation

What is the sacrum superior articulation with?

with L5

What does the inferior articulation facet articulate with in the sacrum…?

coccyx

The pelvis surface of the sacrum is concave or convex?

concave

The Dorsal surface of the sacrum is concave or convex?

convex

What joint is part of the Sacrum?

Sacroiliac (SI) joint

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

synovial and fibrous

What bones make up the sacroiliac joint?

sacrum and ilia

How is the sacroiliac joint?

extremely strong with tight ligaments attachments

How many bones does the coccyx have?

3-4 fused bones