Unit 1 Terms (World history) FINAL

Geographic Isolation

when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

Kowtow

to show worship/to bow down to

Tribute

an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration

trade with China in early 1800s

first the American imports from China largely consisted of cloth (nankeen and silk) as well as tea. Tea became the dominant a raw material in China in 1822. Great Britain wanted the tea from China, but China was not allowing the trade, which then later on causes conflict. Textile imports (Fabric, yarn, towels, bedding) declined during the 1830s.

Role of Industry & Technology

Industry and technology come hand in hand and both have a big impact on the country because if your industry is bad, you struggle to keep up/compete/go to war with other countries. Technology plays a huge role in industry because to start industrializing you need new/powerful technology devices to accelerate production and increase speed, productivity, profitability, safety, and the ease of movement.

Industry & Technology in China is the 1800s

China hadn't started industrializing in the early 1800, so this also effected the technology because since their industry wasn't great, their technology was not up to date. China didn't start industrializing until the early 1900s.

Opium

It is a habit forming narcotic made from poppy plants that Great Britain was selling to people in China. It is very addictive and made the Chinese people weak. Opium also was the caused a lot of men to turn to crime and a lot of women to turn to prostitution. This caused people to stop working, which made the economy drop and caused families to not be able to provide for themselves. Opium made people desperate/made them have the will to do anything.

Opium Wars

There were two Opium Wars:
The first Opium War was in 1839 and it was China vs. Britain. It was at sea and the Chinese ships were no match for Britain's steam powered gun boats. The Chinese was defeated. It ended in 1842. This resulted in the Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty of 1844.
The second Opium War was in 1856. Opium was still in China after the first Opium War and the second Opium War was during the Taiping Rebellion because Opium was still in China during the Rebellion and the peasants wanted to get rid of it/abolish it. It ended in 1860.
Both opium wars lasted from 1839 - 1860

Who was the first country to start industrializing/first country to do the Industrial Revolution?

Great Britain

The Treaty Of Nanjing

- 1842
- Britain gained Hong Kong (Now Britain Territory)
- 5 new ports opened for trade
- most favored nation status - an economic position in which a country enjoys the best trade terms given by its trading partner(s).
- No tribute (now kowtow)

Extraterritorial rights

When the foreign residents don't have to follow laws of the country they are in.

1844 Treaty

- now with west extraterritorial rights- foreigners were not subjected to Chinese law
- Similar agreements for trade as the Treat of Nanjing

Extraterritoriality

when your laws do NOT apply to foreigners/you do NOT have any control over foreigners

Population boom in China in the 1800s - Impact

Since there was an overwhelming increase in population in the 19th century, this resulted in famine, land shortages, and people became weaker and poorer. Tens of millions of people died due to this.

Taiping Rebellion

- Leader: Hong Xiuquan
- ONE MILLION peasants turned on their masters!!!
- Capture of Nanjing
-Manchus (Qing Dynasty) needed Great Britain & French Support
- Rebellion eventually crushed
- 20 MILLION DIED!!!! - this was the worst rebellion ever... due to how many peoples' lives were lost

Taiping means "Great Peace"

Hong Xiuchuan

The leader of the Taiping Rebellion

Japan & China in the 1800s

In the late 1800s there was a war between Japan and China over supremacy in Korea. Japan wanted Korea's natural resources, but Korea was under Chinese control.

Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Restoration was when Japan industrialized and Modernized. They adopted Western ways and created a modern army and Navy, which was armed with repeating rifles and steel ships. However, Japan was resource poor, so they started looking at China with predatory interest and started looking at Taiwan and Korea as targets to satisfy their need for natural resources.

Modernize

bring up to date by introducing new ideas and ways of doing things

Industrialize

to change an economy to rely more on manufacturing and less on farming

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils"(outsiders/westerners) . The rebellion was ended by British troops.
- "Righteous Order of Harmonies Fists" - "Boxers"
- Chinese citizens that were frustrated with foreigners, Empress Cixi, Christians, western ways, etc.
- In 1900 they seized Beijing - which was controlled by foreigners
- International force halt rebellion
- They would brutally beat the foreigners or anyone who adapted western ways (Christianity, etc.), they decapitated them, killed them publicly, left the bodies in public as a warning, etc.

First Sino (Chinese) - Japanese War

-1894
- Japan crushed China in a short war: after this Japan took Korea and Taiwan and demanded the right of extraterritorially and sphere of influence.
- This proved to China that they needed to industrialize and modernize.

Spheres of influence

powerful industrial states of Europe divided China into "spheres of influence"

definition:
~when a country/area in which another nation has power to control trade and other economic activities in another country, but has no formal authority~

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

100 days of Reforms

Guang Xi, the new emperor, introduces reforms to help modernize China in 1898. He tried to reform...
- military
- schools
- government
He tried industrializing, promoting education, and helping the economy.

Unfortunately, this reform movement failed because many of the conservatives (other people in the Chinese government) opposed this idea because that meant that they can lose their jobs. So then Empress Cixi led a coup d'etat and removed her nephew from power and reversed reforms.
China remained corrupt and lacking modernization.

coup d'etat

the sudden violet overthrow of an existing government by a small group

Empress Cixi

China was governed by an Empress named Cixi, she didn't care about the people nor the outsiders. She only cared about keeping her reign and power.

Fall of the Qing

Nationalist party Emerges, which in this case it calls for modernization (rebuilding/reforming China). The Nationalists overthrow the Manchus in 1911.

Sun Yat-Sen

1st great leader of National Party. He lived in USA, UK, and has knowledge on how to reform China because those countries have already industrialized and he learned from those countries. After the Nationalists overthrows the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Sun Yat-Sen was elected as the 1st president.

Nationalist Party

1st great leader: Sun Yat-Sen
1911: overthrow Manchus
After Sun Yat -Sen died, Chiang Kai-Shek was the leader of the nationalists (and he was also the last leader until they lost rule over China). They ruled China from 1928 until the victory of the Communists in 1949. This party led a revolution against the emperor in 1911. They also tried to establish a democracy. When they were defeated by the communists they fled to Taiwan. They still rule Taiwan today.

KMT

what the nationalists were called

After Sun Yat-Sen died

- Chiang Kai-Shek turned leader of Nationalist Party
- Warlords emerged in groups of China - they caused violence and threatened people (they did not want China unified)
- The Communist Party rose

Sun Yat-Sen's 3 principles

Nationalism - unite all of China's regions and ethnicities, accept/respect people
Democracy - formal government, people have a say, avoid corruption
Livelihood - basic necessities of life (clothes, food, healthcare), stable society

China and WWI

- Treaty of Versailles (Problem: China is LESS represented and they have no combat role)
- Secret deal gives Japan the rights to Shandong, Chinese warlord government accepted money in return (people across China are furious)

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty between Allies and Germany that formally ended WW1 on June 19, 1919 (signed on June 28, 1919)

Northern Expedition

The warlords were a common enemy between the Nationalists and the Communists, so they teamed up, even though they DIDN'T like each other, and put aside their differences. (Nationalist/Communists vs. Warlords)
The Nationalists then executed the Communists because they felt like they did not need them anymore (the trust was lost and the dynamic changed). In 1928, USA and Great Britain recognized Chiang Kai-Shek as the leader of China and they wanted to trade with China. So because they viewed Chiang Kai-Shek as the leader, they sided with the Nationalists to get the trade.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he took over for Sun Yat-Sen as head of the China Nationalities' Party, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.
Chiang Kai-Shek took over the power of the Nationalists Party after Sun Yat-Sen died.

Chinese Civil War

Times: 1928-1938 --(break for WWII)-- 1946-1949

Nationalists:
- Army: NRA (National Revolutionary Army)
- Leader: Chiang Kai-Shek
- Aid: US

Communists:
- Army: Red Army
- Leader: Mao Zedong
- Aid: USSR (Russia).

War between communists (Mao Zedong) and nationalists (Chaing-Kai Shek). The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

"Rape of Nanjing"

Japanese attack on Chinese capital and they tortured, raped, and killed 300,000 people. This happened from 1937-1938. (During the Chinese Civil War)

WWII and China

Communist influences grew. Welcomed by poor people. Led to Civil War 1945-1949. Chiang Kai-Shek and Nationalists fled to Taiwan, Mao declared The People's Republic of China Oct 1, 1949.

After WWII

- The Chinese Civil War resumed.
- Foreign Support:
The USA supported The Nationalists (The Nationalist party was corrupt, BUT the USA did not want Communism anywhere so they still sided with the Nationalist party), The USSR supported The Communists (Soviet Union wants communion to thrive throughout WWII, this shows the division between the Soviet Union and The USA because they supported the Nationalists), this caused the Cold War (US vs. USSR)
- Mao and communists won due to the overwhelming amount of peasants (Mao was now the leader of China and forces a Communism government)
- In 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan ( as well as a lot of the other Nationalists)
- In the October of 1949, Mao Zedong officially announced "The People's Republic of China"
- China is in shambles (no prosperity/no opportunity, millions homeless, no reliable transport, inflation)
- Mao Zedong in charge of the CCP (CCP = China Communist Party) - no opposition party and he promises the end of poverty

Capitalism

Goal:
Belief:
Social Classes:
Who owns businesses (means of production)?
Who decided what people can produce and buy?
What are my employment options?
Who wrote about these economic systems?

Goal: Individuals should pursue their own self-interest by working to earn induvial profit
Belief: Competition improves society
Social Classes: Yes
Who owns businesses (means of production)? Individuals
Who decided what people can produce and buy? Individuals
What are my employment options? You can work for whoever you want
Who wrote about these economic systems? Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Communism

Goal:
Belief:
Social Classes:
Who owns businesses (means of production)?
Who decided what people can produce and buy?
What are my employment options?
Who wrote about these economic systems?

Goal: We should create a classless society by fighting to abolish class distinction so that we can distribute resources equally.
Belief: Complete Equality improves society
Social Classes: No
Who owns businesses (means of production)? The government operates and owns all industries. No small businesses are allowed.
Who decided what people can produce and buy? The government
What are my employment options? Most people work for the government
Who wrote about these economic systems? Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles, the Communist Manifesto

Socialism

Goal:
Belief:
Social Classes:
Who owns businesses (means of production)?
Who decided what people can produce and buy?
What are my employment options?
Who wrote about these economic systems?

Goal: We should create a more equal society by working for the common good to redistribute resources based on need
Belief: Cooperation improves society
Social Classes: Some
Who owns businesses (means of production)? The government operates and owns major industries, but small businesses are allowed
Who decided what people can produce and buy? Individuals and the government
What are my employment options? Some people work for the government
Who wrote about these economic systems? Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles, the Communist Manifesto

Taiwan

Taiwan is where Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists fled to after they lost the Chinese Civil War. [in 1949]

Mao Zedong - Life, power, etc.

(Life: 1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until he passed away in 1976.
- when Mao was in charge there was no opposition party and he promised an end to poverty
- He ran a communist government
- He tried to mimic Joseph Stalin's way of governing (Communism...)
- known as the "man of destiny"

The Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were chased by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.
- Communists were forced to escape from the Nationalists
- The Communists walked 6,000 miles through swampland, mountains, and freezing climates
- 100,000 Communists started.... Only 7,000 Communists survived
- The Communists settled in caves in the North West (their base of operations)
- The Communists did this without wealth and technology (unlike the Nationalists), this showed a symbol of hardship and perseverance
- If you were (caught by the Nationalists) with Communist ties, you were killed
- After The Long March, Mao emerged as an inspiring leader
- Became a myth (a longer than life event)

The Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. Described the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

The May 4th Movement invited a flood of ideas and this was a Western political philosophy amongst them.

Collective farming

- many small farms combined into one under government control
- 1952-1955
- families on induvial plots
- 30-40 families form cooperative (This made the farming work more efficient because all the families were working together) This also took away the identity of the families because they were all merged together working as one.
- the different families share tools & fertilizer

Communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services - 20,000 people each living in the communes (farming)

COMMUNES GET BROKEN UP IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION

"Land to the Tillers"

1950 - Mao promised land to the poor so he took it from the rich and gave it to the poor *Mao did this to make the peasants feel entitled and important*
THIS STARTED... the "speak bitterness" campaign (when the land lords went on trail and the peasants would publicly shame and humiliate them *Mao did this to make the Peasants feel like they were involved in government decisions*

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. China helped North Korea by sending a flood of people to help them (This is one of the beginning factors of the Cold War). China helped North Korea because they wanted communism to thrive everywhere.

Great Leap Forward

1958-1961
- Goal: Surpass Great Britain's industry in 15 years
- ALL CHINESE PEOPLE MUST PARTICIPATE
- Creating Steel: Backyard furnaces in the countryside
- Agriculture: Communes, no family loyalty, children all together

Ends in DISASTER!!!
- No science behind it
- Mao was lying to people (if he wanted something, he couldn't be stopped), the people lying to Mao (The people did NOT want to say no to Mao or else they would get in trouble)
- Planner's unrealistic quotas (local leaders proclaimed to exceed them and the grain went to the cities)
- Famine in the countryside (20-40 million died)
- 1959: Mao ends the Great Leap Forward
- Backyard smelters failed (homemade steel was worthless, homes were torn apart for fuel, this destroyed more homes than WWII)
- Communes failed (peasants resist breakup of families, no private ownership = no responsibility, production went way down)

Sputnik Fields

Fields with tons of peasants to produce quotas of impossible amounts of grain

Totalitarian State

**China turns into a Totalitarian State**
- EVERY aspect of life controlled through single-party dictatorship
- Propaganda is HUGE!!: spread ideas the "state" wants - promote causes/damage opposing cause (there are some things Mao wants to promote and other things he wants to target)

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Agrarian Reform

- "Land to the Tillers"
- 1952-1955 Collective Farming
- Little support in the cities (the rich mostly live there - they do NOT like this idea & feel threatened that their land will be taken away)

Censorship

restriction on access to ideas and information

Cultural Revolution

Climax (when things were really bad): 1966-1969
It lasted: 1966-1976
- economic reforms
- Production goals made by experts, not CCP officials
- Communes broken up
- Family personal land plots
- Redness vs. Expertise (communist = red)
- Moa's goals in 1966: regain power, Marxists must lead (not "experts"), Peasants and workers must rise up
- "Little Red Book" of Maoist was thought as the source of all wisdom
- Universities emptied (no exams)
- Red Guard vs. Counter-Revolutionaries
- Red Guards destroyed anything "old"
- Chaos by 1969
- Mao needed the Army to restore order

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

The "4 Olds"

old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

What 4 pests did Mao declare war on?

Rats
Mosquitoes
Flies
Sparrows

Four Modernizations

Agriculture
Industry
National defense & military
Science & technology

5th Modernization

Democracy

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms [1961-1966] after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
- pragmatist - he wants people to get the work done (he doesn't care how or who)
- "It doesn't matter whether it's a white cat or a black cat, I think; a cat that catches mice is a good cat"- Deng Xiaoping (this means that he wants the work done and he doesn't care how its done or who does it) *He wants economic growth, and he does not care how he gets it*
- He had capitalist ideas
- He agreed mostly with Mao, but he also didn't agree with him on some things and wanted to change that
- Thought that people can make their own livings apart from the communes

Century of Humiliation

China's term for its domination by other countries from the first Opium War to Communist victory, 1839-1949

Tiananmen Square protests & massacre

A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.

SUM UP:
Basically thousands of students sitting in at the square which is like a huge open space surrounded by buildings because they wanted democracy and then the communist leaders ordered an army to clear the square before 6 AM, but the students wouldn't leave so the Communist forces were forced to massacre everybody .

What is meant by "Two Chinas"?

"Two Chinas" is meant by the 2 political parties that live in China because on one hand you have communism and Deng Xioping's rules (Small portion of the population is benefited by China and they had more businesses and were wealthy) and on the other hand you have the people and the people want democracy (Most of the population relying on farming, less manufacturing). After the Massacre Comunist leaders opened up the economy and stopped people protesting against the political reforms.

What area did Russia and Japan fight over in 1904?

Control of resource rich Manchuria

Who founded the Nationalist Party & what did he promise?

Sun Yat-Sen & he promised to redistribute land to the peasants, restore China's sovereignty, develop the economy, and create a democratic state

What intensified the chaos in China in the early 1900s?

Warlords, famine, WWI, Russo-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Japan made a surprise attack on Russia> Japan wanted territory control and wanted to challenge Russia's position in Manchuria in Asia. Teddy Rosevelt was able to put an end to this.

How did Japan exploit the conflict between the Communists and the Nationalists in China?

2 main parties are fighting - Japan uses this distraction to come take over/control over China.

How did the Japan treat the Chinese?

They treated them like prisoners (imprisoned them) and used fear to secure their territorial objectives

What did the Japanese do in December of 1941?

They attacked Pearl Harbor

The May 4th Movement invited a flood of ideas. What Western political philosophy was amongst them?

Marxism (Communist Manifesto)

What was the May 4th Movement?

In 1919, an anti-imperialist, cultural and political movement growing out of students in Beijing protesting against the government's weak response to Treaty of Versailles. The protesters wanted to improve China's position by opening up to Western ideologies.

What did the Chinese ask the Soviets for that caused the 2 allies to split?

The Chinese asked for the atomic bomb technology

What were the millions of young people encouraged to destroy?

old buildings
temples
art objects
(the "four olds" - anything not communist)

What happened to the victims during the Cultural Revolution?

They were paraded in dunce caps with placards around their necks

What were some changes Deng Xioping implemented?

- deals were signed with the US and western Europe which allowed the flow of technology in China
- Peasants were allowed to purchase private lots of land and raise crops
- farmers could keep their profits and invest in more land, fertilizers, and machinery
- Entrepreneurs were allowed to create small businesses in urban areas providing jobs

Who suggested the fifth modernization and what happened to him?

Wei Jingsheng
He was arrested, charged, & sentenced to 15 years in prison for challenging Deng's insensitivity to China's need & exposing conditions in Chinese prisons
*he became a martyr to college students for democracy* martyr = a person who is killed because of their beliefs

The Chinese celebrated the 200th anniversary of which event in 1989?

The French Revolution

What was declared on May 20th 1989?

Martial Law was declared & the Chinese army was brought to Beijing to clear the square and return order to the city

What happened on June 3rd 1989?

Late at night, the army struck with heavy tanks & armored personnel carriers, & they crashed through the barricades & ran over demonstrators who had fallen or stood to halt their progress

What happened to the workers who had joined the demonstrators?

They were arrested, interrogated, tortured, & frequently executed publicly

What happened to the relationship between the Soviet Union and China?

The relationship between China and the Soviet Union begun to deteriorate. For example, they had arguments over Communist ideology and questioned over which country to align with. The Soviet Union was becoming softer with their communism, but Mao wanted to keep their Communism strong. Both countries just had different views on Communism.

How did the US benefit from the fall out between China and the Soviet Union?

The US was able to benefit from the fall out between China and the Soviet Union because they were able to trade with China for the first time since 1949. The US was also able to gain an alliance with China because China knew that the Soviet Union would question it and be put on an edge.

Changes Deng made to China

- Got rid of communes and let people make their own decisions regarding where they lived and their businesses
- Got rid of all equality and encouraged competition by allowing people to earn their own wages
- He opened up China to foreign trade with other countries
- He wanted to make a lot of little things too (consumer goods), not all just heavy industry
- Allowed people to do what they needed to do individually to get rich, which allowed competition into people's lives

China's economy during Mao and Deng

Mao:
The GPD was 0, the economy was not doing well

Deng:
increased GPD, created a better economy (even when his power ended, his rules stayed in place and the economy continued to get better)

Economy ideas during Mao

There had been an overall sum of money which had been distributed amongst all of the people who had all been required to do the same job. He did not want people to have any private property, etc. Mao wanted everything to meet his goal, even though people were getting hurt and dying, which hurts the society as a whole.

Economy ideas during Deng

Deng Xiopeng wanted to include his 4 modernizations, agriculture, industry, science and technology, and military. He wanted the market economy to flourish (he wanted people to buy and sell).

Why did Deng put competition into the market base?

He put competition into the market base because he wanted people to compete, so that they just keep getting better, which overall helps the economy to thrive.

Material incentive

you do better, you make more

Mao's ideas with relationships with foreign countries

Mao only believed that China shouldn't be dependent on trading with foreign countries. He wanted only to produce goods for the purpose of selling them to other countries for China's profit. Mao overall wanted China to be independent. He didn't want to necessarily trade with foreign countries, he wanted them to purchase goods from China.

Deng's ideas with relationships with foreign countries

Deng attracted foreign companies to China who invested in the country's companies. Relations with the west had improved and there had been multiple meetings with western leaders to create a positive bond. He wanted to open up trade with different countries. He traveled to other countries to see their economic methods, and then he would bring them back to China to improve their economy. He also opened up to western trade.

Why was 1989 a significant year?

1989 was a significant year because that year marked the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, the 40th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, and the 10th Anniversary of Wei Jingsheng's arrest.

Why was it so difficult to unite China?

People want power (people are power hungry)
Many people are selfish
China is big and diverse

Chinese Involvement: Chinese Labour Corps

China sent VOLUNTARY *non-combat workers* to Allied Countries >> The Chinese Labour Corps
The men, known as the Chinese Labour Corps, had been recruited to support British troops in the First World War, and they worked behind the lines in northern France and Belgium, digging trenches, repairing roads, delivering supplies, and cleaning up the bloody battlefields.

China thought sending workers would help China achieve goals when the war ended:
- Achieve diplomatic power and have influence on the treaty )They did NOT want another treaty)
- Win back territory seized by Germany (whom declared war against) & eventually taken over by Japan

Internal Strife

Warlords compete for power
WWI:
- ended Europe's stabilizing presence
- fighting between Warlords intesified