Human Phys Final Hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin-like growth factors which promote growth of body tissues

Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH)

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

In females initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens. In males stimulates testes to produce sperm

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

In females stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Prolactin (PRL)

Together with other hormons promotes milk production by mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates secretion of glucocortids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Exact role unknown, May influence brain activity. When present in excess can cause darkening of skin.

Oxytocin (OT)

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth. Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands for milk ejection.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Conserved body water by decreasing urine volume. Decreases water loss through perspiration. Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

T_³ (triiodothyronine) and T₄ (thyroxine) or thyroid hormones from follicular cells

Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol excretion, accelerate body growth, contribute to development of nervous system

Calcitonin (CT)

Lowers blood levels of Ca²⁺ and HPO₄^2- by inhibiting bone resorption of osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Increases levels of calcium and magnesium and decreases phosphate in blood through negative feedback system. Low calcium —> PTH released

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Increase blood levels of sodium and water, decrease potassium

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

Increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune responses

Androgens (mainly DHEA)

Assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes. In females contribute to libido and are source of estrogen after menopause

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Enhance effects of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system during stress

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen, converting other nutrients into glucose, and release glucose into blood

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen, and decreasing glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

Somatostatin

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract

Pancreatic polypeptide

Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreating digestive enzymes

Estrogens and progesterone

Regulate female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

Relaxin (RLX)

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy, helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery

Inhibin

Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary

Testosterone

Stimulates descent of testes before birth, regulates sperm production, promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics