A&P midterm review chs 7-9

Describe the basic functions of the skeletal system.

support

protection

movement

mineral homeostasis (electrolyte/acid-base balance)

blood cell production

triglyceride

Describe the components of osseous extracellular matrix.

contains large amount of extracellular matrix that surrounds the cells within the tissue.

What are the five bone types.

Long bone

Short bone

Flat bone

Sesamoid bone

irregular bone

Describe the structure and functions of the components of a long bone.

• longer than they are wide.

  • They are usually weight-bearing bones.

Define short bone .

• are somewhat cube-shaped.

  • They help to generate a wide range of motion

Define Flat bone

• are thin and flat.

  They often have protective functions

define sesamoid bones

• are found in tendons.

  • They protect tendons from excessive wear and tear.

define irregular bones

• are bones that do not belong to any of the above categories.

define diploe

central space filled by a layer of spongy bone

types of bone tissue cells

• Osteogenic cells- form osteobalsts

• osteoclats

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact, Spongy

Osteogenic cells

undergo cell division to form osteoblasts, bone-building cells

Osteoblasts

secrete extracellular matrix, and initiate calcification- overtime they become osteocytes

Osteocytes

function to break down bone extracellular matrix as part of regular bone maintenance and repair- called absorption

Compact (or dense) bone tissue

provides support and support for the bone, and makes up about 75% of all bone tissue

Spongy (or cancellous) bone

protects the bone marrow, and makes up about 25% of all bone tissue

How do blood vessels enter the bone?

through periosteum

Periosteal arteries

small arteries accompanied by nerves that enter the bone through perforating canals.

How do nutrient arteries enter the bone?

through nutrient foramina, and pass through the perforating canals and central canals to the medullary cavity or diploe

Periosteum

rich in nerve cells and pain sensors; bone tissue is not.

two processes of bone formation

ossification

osteogenesis

four main situations ossification or osteogenesis occur in

initial formation of bones in an embryo

growth of bones during childhood

replacement of old bone tissue with new

repair of fractures, or bone breakage

longitudinal bone growth

• cartilage growth occurs in the epiphyseal side of the growth plate, and cartilage conversion takes place on the diaphyseal side.

appositional bone growth

the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at the surface of bones

bone remodeling

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue

Bone resorption

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone tissue by osteoclasts

bone deposition

addition of minerals and collagen fibers from bone tissue by osteoblasts

vitamins that contribute to bone formation and maintenance

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin B12 and K

Vitamin A

stimulates osteoblast activity

Vitamin C

required for effective collagen synthesis

Vitamin D

increases the body’s ability to absorb calcium from food into the blood stream

Vitamin B12 and K

required for the synthesis of bone proteins

fracture

any break in a bone

stress fracture

series of microscopic fractures that form without sign of injury to surrounding tissues

reduction

process of bringing fractured bone ends into alignment

open (compound) fracture

the broken bone ends protrude through the skin (the bone is sticking out)

closed (simple) fracture

fractured bone does not break through the skin

comminuted fracture

fracture where bone is crushed into fragments at the site of the break

greenstick fracture

partial fracture where one side of the bone breaks, but the other side bends - only observed in children

impacted fracture

• where one end of the broken bone is driven forcefully into the interior of the other end.

Pott fracture

fracture of the distal end of the fibula, with serious damage to the distal tibial articulation

colles fracture

fracture of the distal end of the radius where the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

stress fracture

series of microscopic fractures that form without sign of injury to surrounding bones

Process of fracture repair

Hematoma formation.

Granulation tissue formation.

Bony callus formation.

Bone remodeling.

Calcitonin in body homeostasis

implicated in inhibiting osteoclast activity and accelerating calcium deposition

Effects of aging on bone tissue and composition

Bones become more brittle and may break more easily.

bone disorders

Osteoporosis

Rickets

Osteomalacia

osteoporosis

growing porosity of the bones, results in greatly increased incidences for fractures

Rickets

disorder resulting from insufficient calcification of the bone extracellular matrix. Occurs in children usually caused by vitamin D deficiency

osteomalacia

disorder resulting from insufficient calcification of the bone extracellular matrix. Occurs in adults

bones in the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and rib bones

bones in the appendicular skeleton

pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of the limbs

bone components categories

articulations

extensions

projections

depressions

passages

cavities

articulations

regions that form joints with other bones

extensions and projections

protrude out of the bone

depressions

indentations in the bone that do not penetrate to the other side

passages and cavities

indentations that penetrate to the other side

4 paranasal sinuses

ethmoid

frontal

maxillary

sphenoid

ethmoid sinus

situated between the orbit and the nose

frontal sinus

above eyebrow, in middle

maxillary sinus

sides of nose, where you would apply concealer

vertebral column

consists of 26 bones

7 cervical neck

12 thoracic vertebrae chest

5 lumbar lower back

1 sacrum

1 coccyx tailbone

thoracic cage

includes thoracic vertebrae, sternum, 12 pairs of ribs

true ribs

7/12 ribs- have independent costal cartilages to the sternum

false ribs

5/12- ribs 8-10 share connecting costal cartilages that terminate on the seventh costal cartiliage

floating ribs

ribs 11 and 12 have no connection to the sternum, also called false ribs

segments of upper limb

shoulder girdle, arm, forearm and hand.

segments of the lower limb

the thigh, located between the hip and knee joints; the leg, located between the knee and ankle joints; and distal to the ankle, the foot

cranium bones

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

frontal bone

forms the front of the cranium

parietal bone

form the top and upper sides of the cranium

occipital bone

forms back of the cranium

temporal bone

form the lower sides of the cranium

sphenoid bone

forms the floor of the cranium

ethmoid bone

forms the barrier between the cranial cavity and the nasal cavity

Atlas

C1 of vertebrae (the very top)

Axis

C2 of vertebrae (right under C1)

vertebra prominens

cervical vertebre

the top section of the spine C1-C7

thoracic vertabrae

where the spine arches backward, middle of the spine, T1-T12

lumbar vertebrae

curve right before butt- L1-L5

male and female pelvic girdles

male pelvis has a narrow greater sciatic notch, tall pubic symphysis, deep greater pelvis, narrow sacrum, and triangular body of pubic- the female has all the opposite

articulation or arthrosis

a point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth

articulate

when two bones form a joint between them

arthrology

the scientific study of joint structure and function

kinesiology

the scientific study of musculoskeletal movement (motion of the human body)

structural classifications fo joints

bony joint

fibrous joint

cartilaginous

synovial joint

bony joint (synostosis)

where two bones are joined by osseous tissue

fibrous joint

no synovial cavity, bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue

cartilaginous joint

no synovial cavity, the bones are held together by cartilage

synovial joint

no synovial cavity between the two bones, and the bones are held together by an articular capsule and ligaments

different types of fibrous joints

Syndesmosis

interosseous membrane joint

syndesmosis

fibrous joint with some distance between the articulating bones, and a bundle of dense irregular connective tissue

interosseous membrane joint

fibrous joint composed of a large sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones together

Synovial joint structure

• The joint is surrounded by an articular (or joint) capsule.

• is unique among joints in having a cavity between the articulating bones

fibrous membrane (synovial joints)

• the outer membrane that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.

synovial fluid

• functions to reduce joint friction, absorb shocks, and provide articular cartilage with oxygen and nutrients.

meniscus

a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g. the knee.

labrum (fibrocartilaginous)

rim of soft tissue or fibrous cartilage that surrounds the socket of a ball and socket joint to make it more stable