APUSH Ch. 5-7 Notes Review

Where was the french and indian war fought?

North America, as part of the Seven years war

who fought in the french and indian war?

france and their native American allies vs. the British and thier native american allies

what are the causes of the French and Indian war?

rivarly and territoral expansion

why did france attempt to expand into the Ohio River valley?

in attempt to connect with french controlled Canada

What did the British view french expansion as?

a threat towards British expansion

What was Pontiac’s rebellion?

effort by Ottawa chief, Pontiac to unify Native Americans against the British

What forts did Pontiac attack during his rebellion?

Detroit, Nicaragua and pitt

what was the result of Pontiac’s rebellion?

peace treaty in 1766 and growing british concern

Proclamation of 1763

british policy of not allowing settlement west of the appalachian mountains

What ended the french and indian war?

Treaty of Paris 1763

What land did France gain or lsoe in the french and indian war?

lost all continental territory in North America and canada

What did Britian gain in the french and indian war?

gained french-controlled canada and spanish-controlled florida

What did Spain gain in the french and Indian war?

control of Lousiana and the port of New Orleans

what were the effects of the french and indian war?

increased british debt and ended “salutary neglect” for american colonies

sugar act

1764, placed taxes on sugar and other luxuries and had sticter inforcment on smuggling of goods

currency act

1764, British established control over colonial attempts to create currency

quartering act

1765, required colonial assemblies to provide food and living quarters for British soilders

stamp act

1765, required that stamps be placed on most printed papers like legal documents, first direct tax

James Otis

wrote a pamphlet, The Rights of the British colonies asserted and proved, argued that the colonies had no representation in government, “no taxation without representation.”

virtual representation

members of parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them

The Virginia resolves

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legislative proposal by Patrick Henry to protest the tax and assert the colonists’ right to self-government

**Stamp Act Congress** (1765)

 27 reps. from 9 colonies met in New York and insisted on their right to consent to taxation

Sons of liberty

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 led protests, destroyed revenue stamps, tarred and feathered tax officials

Daughters of Liberty

organized boycotts against British imports and encouraged production of homemade goods

Committees of Correspondence

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served as the communication network throughout the colonies in opposition to British policies

Declaratory Act (1766)

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Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Charles Townshend

Britain’s chancellor of the Exchequer

**Townshend Acts (1767)**

Aimed to raise revenue by regulating trade rather than direct taxation

**writs of assistance**

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general license to search anywhere

why did revenue pay crown officials in the colonies?

to make Britain less dependent on colonial assemblies to pay their salaries

***Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania*** by John Dickinson - (1767)

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Argued Parliament could regulate trade through taxation as long as the taxes were approved by assemblies with colonial representatives

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***Massachusetts Circular Letter*** by James Otis and Samuel Adams - (1768)

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Urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts, Copies sent to colonial legislatures; was not well received by the British

when were most of the acts repealed?

1770, except the tea act

when did the Boston Massacre take place?

March 5, 1770, British soldiers were staioned in Bston

Boston Massacre

Tensions escalated between British soldiers and colonists - a mob of colonists threw snow, ice, and insults at the soldiers. British troops fired on the colonists, killing five Bostonians.

who defended the Britihs soldiers of the boston massacre in court?

JOhnAdams

Crispus Attucks

 a sailor and dockworker of mixed African and Native American ancestry, who became the “first martyr of the American Revolution”

what did the tea act attempt to do

raise revenue on imported tea. undercut merchants and smugglers by selling low-priced tea with tax, and… help prop up investments in the British East India Company that supplied the tea and was in financial trouble

Boston tea Party

Group of colonists disguised as Native Americans boarded three ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea into the water 

Intolerable Acts

• Closed the port of Boston to trade until the tea was paid for and other conditions met

• Expanded power of MA’s royal governor and banned unapproved town meetings

• Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain

• Allowed an expansion of quartering to demand better accommodations 

Quebec Act

Extended the southern boundary of Quebec (province of Canada) to the Ohio River. Granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada

why the Quebec Act?

With tension rising in American colonies, the British Parliament aimed to secure allegiance from Quebec’s Catholics

reaction to the Québec Act

Protestants in the American colonies began to fear strengthening Catholicism and concerns over land boundaries 

when did the first continental congress meet

September 1774, Philadelphia, 12 colonies- no Georgia

Suffolk Resolves

Called for immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts , Military preparations and boycott of British goods

Continental Association

• To end any trade with Great Britain & West Indies

• To encourage domestic manufacturing 

• Local Committees of Safety would oversee and take action

who rode to warn of British march?

paul revere, william dawes and samuel prescott

battle at lexington

minutemen faced britian soldiers, eight colonists were killed and the British continued on to Concord

battle of concord

• A long column of British soldiers were attacked by hundreds of militiamen firing from behind stone walls, barns, houses, and trees until British reinforcements met them on the retreat to Boston

2nd Continental congress

• Various thoughts on independence

• Would life be better free from British rule or would breaking away lead to chaos and uncertainty?

George Washington appointed as commander-in-chief of Continental Army

olive branch petiton

sent to King George III, pledging their loyalty, seeking reconciliation, and asking for protection of colonial rights

British reaction to olive branch petition

King George III rejected the petition; Parliament passed the Prohibitory Act (Aug. 1775) banning trade with the colonies and declaring the colonies to be in rebellion

fort ticonderoga

Benedict Arnold, militiamen from Conn., and Ethan Allen & the Green Mountain Boys forced British surrender at the New York fort (May 1775)

siege of boston

 British troops and naval forces were surrounded within the city

battle of bunker hill

• Colonial militia of MA farmers fortified Breed’s Hill (next to Bunker Hill)

• British troops attacked and took the hill, but suffered over 1,000 casualties

common sense

• Divine right of kings is outdated

• England was using the colonies for economic benefit (one-sided)

• American rights being systematically taken away

thomas paine

•  born in England and an immigrant to the colonies

• Published Common Sense in Jan. 1776

who introduced the idea of declaring independence?

richard henry lee

committee of five

• formed to draft a declaration: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston

who wrote the constitution

James madison

when was the declaration of independence approved

July 4, 1776

enlightenment

 late-17th and early-18th century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, logic, and individualism, centered in Paris

Social Contract

• act of giving up complete freedom (anarchy) in exchange for an orderly society (a government with laws)

John Locke

• Natural Rights

• Right of Revolution (if…)

montesquieu

separation of powers

battle of trenton

 successful American surprise attack on Hessian soldiers in New Jersey on Dec. 26, 1776

battle of princeton

successful American attack against British troops

battle of saratoga

• American forces surrounded Burgoyne’s troops and forced his surrender on Oct. 17, 1777

• Significance: Helped persuade France that American victory was possible

treaty of amity and commerce

• France agreed to recognize the U.S. and provide military assistance 

• Spain later supported the U.S.; focusing on Florida

1780 was the low point for the Patriots’ cause

• Congress couldn’t pay soldiers

• Loyalists in the south joined the British cause

• Benedict Arnold defected to the British

• Mutinies broke out in the Continental Army 

Francis Marion

the “Swamp Fox” led militia hit-and-run attacks against British positions in SC and disrupted their hold on the south

battle of yorktown

Washington led an attack, the Marquis de Lafayette supported with French troops, and the French naval fleet surrounded the Chesapeake Bay

• Cornwallis and the British troops were forced to surrender

who negotiated on behalf of the U.S

Ben franklin, Jogn Admas and John Jay

treaty of Paris (1783)

• Britain recognized U.S. existence as an independent nation

• Mississippi River would be the western boundary (between Canada & Florida)

• Americans would receive fishing rights off the coast of Canada

• Americans would pay the debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war

daughtesr of liberty

• organized boycotts, produced homemade goods, supplied and informed the Continental Army

ladies’ associations

 (Esther Reed and Sarah Franklin Bache) raised funds to assist American soldiers - expanded public activism

Deborah sampson

•  fought in multiple battles disguised as a man 

mary mccauley

took her husbands place in battle after he was injured

coverture

• the husband’s legal authority over person, property, and choices of his wife 

• Marriage contract, duties, and obligations > individual liberty

• Women often lacked property rights, which restricted political participation

• Many women who entered public debate felt social pressure to “apologize” for their forthrightness

mary otis warren

• - poet, playwright, and historian who wrote under anonymity until 1790 

• Promoted revolutionary causes through various writings and publications

“Republican Motherhood”

The idea that women were in charge of teaching their children the values of the new republic and their roles as citizens

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775) and the Philipsburg Proclamation (1779)

offered freedom to any slave who escaped and took up arms for the British 

regional differences in the North

• By 1804, all of the Northeast passed emancipation laws (*NJ)

“gradual” emancipation

• Legally reduced slavery over time, starting with freedom for children 

regional differences in the south

• Voluntary emancipation: some slaves freed in VA & MD in the 1780s 

impact of the American revolution

Wide appeal for ideas - Declaration of Independence, In part, inspired revolutions elsewhere…

factors that contributed to American victory

Actions of the Continental Army ⇢ 

Actions of colonial militias ⇢ 

Actions by support groups ⇢ 

George Washington’s military leadership ⇢ 

Colonists’ ideological commitment and resilience ⇢ 

Assistance by European allies ⇢

articles of confederation

• First written constitution of the United States

  • Drafted by Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781

• Created a confederate form of government

  • States kept their sovereignty, freedom, and independence

  • States joined a “firm league of friendship” by establishing a national government

national government under the articles

• A unicameral Congress

• Each state received one vote

• No president and no court system

• Laws needed 9 out of 13 states to pass

• Amendments needed 13 out of 13 to pass

• Had the power to declare war, conduct foreign affairs, and make treaties

• No power to levy taxes - could only request taxes from the states

• No power to regulate commerce

worsening economic problems

• Congress couldn’t tax - had no source of revenue - couldn’t pay off war debt

• States started raising tariffs against one another and printed large amounts of their own money

• Farmers who could not pay their debts or taxes faced foreclosure (loss of land)

trade issues

• Unable to trade with the West Indies (British territory)

• Imported goods brought competition for American craftspeople

land ordinance of 1784

•  divided the West into districts governed by Congress and would be eventually admitted as member states

land ordinance of 1785

•  set policy for surveying and selling the western lands in the “Old Northwest” (north of Ohio River)

  • Sold in sections of a square mile (640 acres) at $1 per acre

  • Some sections would be set aside for public education funding

problems with land ordiances

• Settlers moved westward before surveying was complete

• $640 was too much for many settlers 

• Land companies bought and sold smaller lots and Congress sold off large tracts to private groups 

northwest ordinance of 1787

 applied to the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River Granted limited self-government to the territory 

• Set rules for creating new states 

• Pledged that “the utmost good faith” be observed toward local Native Americans and their land would not be taken without consent

• Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest (although exceptions occurred)

daniel shays

• a veteran of the Revolutionary War, led western Massachusetts farmers (called themselves “regulators”) in an uprising against debt collection

  • Led protests at county court hearings and blocked the work of debt collectors

shays rebellion

• Shays & 1,500 men attempted to raid the federal armory at Springfield, MA

  • MA Governor James Bowdoin sent an army funded by private merchants to end the rebellion

• Violence broke out at the armory, Shays’s men scattered, and over 1,000 were arrested

significance of shays rebellion

•  Increased the call for a stronger national government - to develop uniform economic policies and protect property owners 

  • Fear that unchecked power at the hands of the people would reduce liberty

Annapolis convention

• Delegates from five states met at Annapolis, Maryland in September 1786

• Discussed ways for better regulating interstate and international commerce

• Proposed another meeting in Philadelphia 

Philadelphia convention (constitutional convention)

• 55 delegates from 12 states (not Rhode Island) met in May 1787 

  • “For the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation”

• Delegates were far wealthier and higher educated than the rest of the population - lawyers, merchants, planters, and large farmers

• George Washington was chosen as the presiding officer

• Delegates sworn to secrecy - matters discussed were to be kept from public knowledge

• Lasted nearly 4 months, with individual delegates coming and going to attend to personal or business matters

• James Madison’s notes have become a strong source of insight