EOC HISTORY

NAFTA

(North American Free Trade Agreement) removed
trade barriers, increased competition, product prices decreased

OPEC

(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), passed an
embargo on U.S., caused price spike on gasoline

2008 Presidential Election

1st African American president

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman to serve in
Congress

Sandra Day O'Connor

1st female Supreme Court Justice

Atomic Bomb

a new strategic weapon developed at Los
Alamos, New Mexico; Japan surrendered after bomb dropped
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulted in arms race with Soviets

Vernon Baker

AA veteran of WWII, received Medal of Honor

Alfred Thayer Mahan

advocated for overseas expansion by
growing the U.S. Navy

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965

aimed
to provide poor with affordable housing

Tonkin Resolution

allowed president to take military action
without declaration of war from Congress

19th Amendment

allowed women's suffrage, right to vote

Anti-War Movement

as more troops were sent to Vietnam and
the media reported setbacks (credibility gap), people protested by
mass demonstrations, violence at some rallies

September 11, 2001

Attack on World Trade Centers resulted in
U.S. War on Terror; invasion of Afghanistan

Declaration of Independence

belief in consent of the of the
governed, other nations recognized U.S. as a country, inspired others
to question their governments

Chicano Mural Movement

built Hispanic cultural pride

Gilded Age

businesses became wealthy, and some corrupt
government officials supported business first policies

Immigrants

came to America for better economic conditions,
farm fertile soil, jobs in factories; citizens wanted assimilation

Dust Bowl

caused by drought and poor farming practices

Black Panthers

Civil Rights group that used armed resistance
to protest and defend themselves, Huey Newton was leader

Populist Party Platform

coinage of silver, graduated income tax,
and regulation of railroad shipping charges

War Powers Resolution

Congress limited the military power of
the executive branch, result of actions during the Vietnam War

Entrepreneurs

create new products (internet & iPhone) and
ideas that change daily life and culture (online shopping)

Social Security Act

created a government benefits program
to help elderly/disabled/retired; increased govt's responsibility

Causes of Spanish-American War

Cuban Revolution and sinking
of U.S.S. Maine

Great Depression

demand for goods declined-\> businesses
failed -\> unemployment grew -\> economic depression -\> homeless

Alexis de Tocqueville

democracy in America: liberty,
egalitarianism, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire

Prohibition

desire to decrease crime and health problems,
resulted in increased crime & speakeasies, women supported

Bill Gates

developed software for personal computers

Computers & Internet

easy access to information; resulted in
increased manufacturing efficiency (robots), work efficiency,
telecommunications, advancements caused by competition

Justification for War

economic and political interdependence
of nations; stop spread of totalitarian governments

Mass-Manufacturing Techniques

efficient production made
products affordable like the automobile

Voting Rights Act of 1965

ended poll taxes and literacy tests as
a requirement to vote; resulted in increased voting by minorities

Aerospace Technology

equipment developed for space flight
is now used in practical products

Jane Addams

established settlement house movement to help
assimilate immigrants

Palmer Raids

fear of Communist infiltration in U.S. led to arrest
and deportation of suspected communists

New Deal

federal government would take on a new role by
playing a larger role in helping the welfare of Americans, protecting
economy, help provide jobs and mortgage loans

Hawaii

forced annexation by the U.S., supported by S.B. Dole

Labor Unions

fought for better pay and working conditions

1st Amendment

freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, and
petition

Reasons for Expansionism

gain in access to natural resources
and overseas markets, expansion in trade

Puerto Rico

gained by U.S. after the Spanish-American War

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germans attacked U.S.
merchant ships, resulted in U.S. declaring war on Germany

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany tried to ally with Mexico,
resulted in U.S. withdrawing position of neutrality

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

government
guaranteed bank deposits, protect people's savings

Equal Employment Opportunity

government agencies could
no longer discriminate in their employment practices

Environmental Protection Agency

government agency
created to protect the environment; Earth Day

Political Corruption

government officials took bribes, bosses
and political machines promised infrastructure for votes

GI Bill

government paid for education of military veterans

Pure Food and Drug Act

government policies protecting
consumers, resulted from Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair

Little Rock, Arkansas

Governor Orval Faubus challenged the
power of the federal government to desegregate schools

Urbanization

growth in industry resulted in people moving to
cities to work in factories causing sanitation problems

Effects of Spanish-American War

helped establish America as a
world imperial power

W. E. B. DuBois

helped found NAACP, a civil rights group that
fought for the legal rights of African Americans

Environment

high oil usage results in increased pollutionhigh oil usage results in increased pollution

Martin Luther King, Jr.

important leader of the Civil Rights
movement, believed in civil disobedience instead of violence

Overspeculation

in stock market led to Great Depression

State Reforms

initiative, referendum, recall; increased
participation in democracy, made elected officials accountable

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Iran revolutionaries kidnapped U.S.
citizens in Iran in response to the Shah being in the U.S.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese retaliation for embargo, resulted in U.S.
entering WWII

Vaccines

Jonas Salk developed vaccine to stop polio; vaccines
limited the spread of infectious diseases

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba
to prevent shipment of Soviet nuclear missiles

Dawes Act

law intended to assimilate Native Americans into
American culture

Wilson's Fourteen Points

League of Nations (rejected by U.S.
Congress), freedom of the seas, Poland as an independent nation

Chicano Workers Movement

led by Cesar Chavez, worked
to improve working conditions for migrant workers

Espionage Act

limited American's freedom of speech

Great Migration

limited economic opportunity for AA in the
South resulted in northern migration for economic opportunity

22nd Amendment

limited president to serve only two terms,
passed in response to FDR serving four terms

Principles of the Constitution

limits the power of the federal
government by separation of powers and checks and balances

House Un-American Activities Committee

looked in to individuals believed to be with the Communist movement

Electricity

made manufacturing more efficient; light bulb led to
more hours of work \= more production

Hurricane Katrina

New Orleans flooded as a result of the city's
low elevation and the failure of levees

Watergate

Nixon attempted to cover up information, led to
growing cynicism and loss of trust toward the government

March on Washington

nonviolent protest aimed to improve
political rights and economic opportunities of minorities

Alternative Energy

oil reserves are decreasing, need a new
renewable energy source (wind turbines) and efficient products

Chinese Exclusion Act

passed because people in the west did
not want to compete with immigrants for jobs

5th Amendment

people accused of crimes must be read their
rights (Miranda v. Arizona); eminent domain

Irish Immigrants

persecuted because they were Catholic

Andrew Carnegie

philanthropy to improve society through
donations to education and the arts

Harlem Renaissance

popularity of African-American
artists, gospel music, jazz, influenced civil rights movement

Railroads

provided farmers access to distant markets, allowed
Americans to settle the West

Medicare Act of 1965

provided health care for people 65+

Iran-Contra Affair

Reagan illegally sold weapons to Iran in
exchange for hostages and sent money to Contras in Nicaragua

McCarthyism

Red Scare movement led by Senator Joseph
McCarthy that arrested people suspected of being communists

Brown v. Board of Education

required desegregation of
schools, NAACP's Thurgood Marshall helped argue case

Civil Rights Act of 1965

required equal treatment of
minorities in the work place

Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan

response to rejection of some
New Deal programs, many disliked because it ups the power of president

Suburbs

Resulted from prosperity after WWII, baby boom, and
increased demand for housing

Economic Prosperity

resulted in consumer spending, growth of middle class, led to interstate highway system

Homestead Act

resulted in the settling of the frontier by farmers

Causes of WWI

rise of militarism, assassination of Franz Ferdinand

National Park Service

Roosevelt, conserve land

Trench Warfare

soldiers fought from trenches with machine
guns resulting in a stalemate, tanks and poison gas were used to try
and break stalemate

American Expeditionary Force

soldiers well trained by
John J. Pershing, led major counterattack on western front

Victory Gardens

support war effort by increasing food supply

2000 Presidential Election

Supreme Court ended recount in
Florida, Bush wins, 3rd Party drew votes from Bush & Gore

Unconstitutional Programs

Supreme Court used 10th
Amendment to overturn some New Deal programs

The Holocaust

the Nazi attempt at the genocide of Jewish
people, caused many Jews to migrate to America

Women

took on new roles to support the war effort, joined
nurse cadets, and worked in factories to keep up production

Monopolies

total control of a product by one company, laws
passed against monopolies to protect consumer prices

Navajo Code Talkers

transmitted secret military information