Lab Component

Precipitation Reaction

Soluble antigen

Bind with antibodies

Form antigen-antibody complex precip

Liquid vs Solid Phase Precipitation Reaction

Liquid - 1~2 min

Solid - 1~2 days

Ring Test Process

Liquid precip reaction

Antiserum 2 tubes

Add horse or human serum

White precip for human

Antiserum

Serum used for antibodies

Antiserum Process

Inject animal with antigen

Animal produce antibodies

Take blood from animal

Separate serum

Naming Antiserum

animal + anti (antigen) + antiserum

Agglutination Reaction - Forward Grouping

Add antiserums to wells

Add RBCs + saline solution

Test for antigens

Agglutination Reaction - Reverse Grouping

Add known cells

Add patient serum with antibodies

Test for antibodies

Total No. of Blood Grouping Systems

48

Measure Antibody Conc

Well with highest dilution + positive result

Reciprocal = titre

Why Use Controls

Increase validity

Buccal Cell - Stain + Prep

Toluidine Blue

Mount with DPX

Why Histology Useful

Understand structure/function

Comparison - identify abnormal

Blood Smear Process

Blood drop at frosted end

Draw spreader back

Push forward

Improved Neubauer - Do vs Dont Count

DO - top + right

DONT - bottom + left

Manual Count - Objective

10x

Diff Count - Objective

40x

Why Use Absolute NOT Relative

Relative - percentage skewed

Absolute - accurate

Percentage normal but cell count abnormal

Why Use Blank - Spectroscopy

Record absorbance all substances except sample

Any other difference in absorbance attributed to sample

Why Use Standards

Create standard curve of known values

Compare unknown values against

Increase reliability + accuracy

Why Patient History Important - Diff Uses of Tests

Diagnostic vs monitoring

Glucose Process - Spectroscopy

Does not absorb visible wavelengths

Add enzyme + phenol

Form pink complex

Incubate

Why Aseptic Technique Needed for PCR

No foreign DNA

No nucleases

How is DNA Visualised

Stain binds/intercalates to DNA

UV light hits dimolecules

Fluoresce

Skin Sample - Objective

40x

IgM vs IgG Agglutination

Direct/complete vs incomplete

Blood Film Stain

May-Grunwald Giemsa