Evolution (4th Edition) Chapter 13, Chapter 19

Coevolution in predator-prey interactions does not lead to

a. an evolutionary arms race.

b. stable genetic equilibrium.

c. indefinite fluctuations of genetic composition.

d. extinction.

e. mutualistic species interactions

e.

Which is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

a. A grasshopper mimics the shape and scent of an ant to infiltrate their nest.

b. A nonvenomous king snake mimics the highly venomous coral snake as a defensive mechanism.

c. The unpalatable viceroy butterfly mimics the poisonous monarch butterfly.

d. Weeds mimic the form and color of an agricultural plant to avoid being weeded by the farmer.

e. A skunk uses white and black as coloration to warn predators that dealing with them will be unpleasant.

c.

Which is an example of aposematism?

a. The snowshoe hare's coat color helps it effectively hide from predators.

b. Brightly colored wings on a butterfly warns predators that it is toxic.

c. Eyespots on a moth's wings deceive a predator into believing it is being watched.

d. Cleaner wrasse sit still in a conspicuous location to advertise that they will eat parasites off of the gills of larger fish.

e. The dominance of a male gorilla is indicated by silver-gray hair on its back.

b.

The relationship between a plant and an herbivore is most closely analogous to the relationship between

a. a predator and its prey.

b. competitors for resources.

c. a host and its parasites.

d. a vertically transmitted infectious disease.

e. a Batesian mimic and its model.

c.

Which infectious disease is transmitted vertically?

a. Human rhinoviruses, a cold, from someone sneezing in your face

b. Gonorrhea, a disease transmitted between sexual partners

c. Zika, spread by mosquitoes

d. Mesothelioma, lung cancer caused by asbestos

e. HIV, spread from mother to child during gestation or breast feeding

e.

Which factor favors evolutionarily stable mutualisms?

a. Vertical transmission of endosymbionts

b. Repeated or lifelong associations of partners

c. Genetic self-interest linked to the partner's fitness

d. Restricted opportunities to switch partners

e. All of the above

e.

The evolution of decreased virulence would be expected in a

a. horizontally transmitted parasite.

b. parasite species in which multiple infection is frequent.

c. host with an effective immune system.

d. vertically transmitted parasite.

e. All of the above

d.

What behavior is most likely to disrupt the mutualistic interaction?

a. Mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi species will interact with a large number of different plant species.

b. When parasites are scarce, mutualistic cleaner wrasse will cheat and instead bite the scales off of fish at a cleaning station.

c. Nitrogen fixing bacteria interacting with plants require sugar as an energy source, and it must be provided by the plant.

d. Specificity of mutualistic interactions can be very high between flowers with long nectar spurs and insects whose tongues are precisely the right length to access them.

e. Long-term association between mutualistic partners can become obligate.

b.

Species on islands often exhibit greater variation in resource use than mainland species, often because of

a. diffuse coevolution.

b. community-wide character displacement.

c. ecological release.

d. guild coevolution.

e. species sorting.

c.

If a clade of organisms approaches the diversity equilibrium, K, which of the following might occur?

a. The net diversification rate will approach zero.

b. The number of taxa will stabilize.

c. Speciation rate will decline.

d. Extinction rate will increase.

e. Any of these could occur near diversity equilibrium.

e.

The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that the logarithmic relationship between taxon age and extinction rate is

a. concave.

b. convex.

c. sigmoidal.

d. linear.

e. exponential.

d.

Evolutionary biologists and geologists recognize the "big five" mass extinctions and are actively studying a potential sixth. Which of these describes that potential sixth mass extinction?

a. The extinction that included the dinosaurs

b. The great flood of Noah

c. The current extinctions, caused primarily by human activities

d. The mass extinction that occurred in the Proterozoic, before animal life

e. The end-Carboniferous mass extinction, which affected plants, not animals

c.

Some groups of butterflies diversified rapidly after developing a tolerance to toxic alkaloids and the mechanical defenses of host plants. Such features represent a(n)

a. adaptive zone.

b. response to selection resulting from mass extinctions.

c. competitive displacement.

d. key adaptation.

e. convergence.

d.

Refer to the graph showing a lineage-through-time plot for a clade.

What does the exponential growth tell us about the diversification of the clade in question?

a. The clade has reached its diversity equilibrium.

b. Diversification rates are increasing exponentially.

c. There is a constant diversification rate for the clade.

d. Background extinction rate is declining.

e. The clade is becoming less diverse over time.

c.