Tissues, Membranes, and Organ Systems

Tissues

* 4 types that make up body systems
* Vary in size, shape, material between the cells, and functions

Epithelial Tissue

* Provides protective coverings, lines cavities and forms glands (exocrine and endocrine glands)​

**Squamous Epithelial** – single layer tissue where permeability and filtration important​

**Transitional Epithelial** –  multilayer tissues that have the ability to stretch in response to tension​

**Glandular Epithelial** – tissues of glands that secrete substances​

* Function: secretion, absorption, protection, diffusion​
* Classified based on number of layers or cell shape​

Squamous Epithelial

Single layer tissue where permeability and filtration important​. Area for cell membrane permeability. Thin, flat, and scale like.

Cuboidal Epithelial

Single layer cube or square shaped. Covers ovaries, lining of kidneys, and glands.

Columnar Epithelial

Long and narrow-like columns, line digestive tissue.

Transitional Epithelial

Multilayer tissues that have the ability to stretch in response to tension

Glandular Epithelial

Tissues of glands that have the ability to stretch in response to tension.

Connective Tissue

* Most widely distributed  tissue in the body​
* Function: connection, protection, insulation, support​

Areolar tissue

(jelly-like loose tissue) - between organs and muscles, around vessels and under skin

Adipose tissue

(fat) –stores energy and provides insulation found under skin

Blood

liquid connective tissue that connects body systems and made of multipotent stem cells (mesenchyme)​

Bone

provides structure, and strength found in skeleton​

Cartilage

provides structure, strength and flexibility, found between moving parts and joints​

Elastic

allows tissues to stretch and recoil, found in walls of large arteries and around lung alveoli​

Fibrous

(collagen) – provides firmness, strength and flexibility found in tendons, ligaments, scars​

Nervous Tissue

* Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves​
* Function: provide communication to the body through electrochemical impulses​
* Composed of neurons and supportive cells:​

**neurons** (nerve cells) – basic unit that conduct actions  to transmit information to cell or away from the brain and spinal cord​

**neuroglia** (glia or “glue”)– support cells made of connective tissue that nourish, protect and insulate neurons

* cell body: site of cellular function
* dendrite: receive sensory information
* axon: carry sensory information to axon terminals (connect to other neurons)

Neurons

 (nerve cells) – basic unit that conduct actions  to transmit information to cell or away from the brain and spinal cord​

Neuroglia

(glia or “glue”)– support cells made of connective tissue that nourish, protect and insulate neurons

Cell body

Site of cellular function

Dendrite

Receive sensory information

Axon

carry sensory information to axon terminals (connect to other neurons)​

Muscle Tissue

* Has the ability to produce movement by contraction of muscle cells, repair itself when torn or injured, shrink when not being used (atrophy)​
* Cells may be referred to as **muscle fibers** because they resemble threads​
* Function: movement of the body ,within the body, and makes body hair raise  ​
* Classified as:​

**Skeletal muscle** – long, cylindrical, striated fibers that attach to bones and cause movement through voluntary action​

**Cardiac muscle** – shorter, cylindrical, striated fibers found on walls of heart and make heart beat through involuntary contractions​

**Smooth muscle** (involuntary muscle) – tapered, nonstriated fibers found on viscera organs (stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder), skin, eyes, blood vessels and arrector muscles of hair; also work through involuntary contraction​

Skeletal Muscle

long, cylindrical, striated fibers that attach to bones and cause movement through voluntary action​

Cardiac muscle

shorter, cylindrical, striated fibers found on walls of heart and make heart beat through involuntary contractions​

Smooth muscle

(involuntary muscle) – tapered, nonstriated fibers found on viscera organs (stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder), skin, eyes, blood vessels and arrector muscles of hair; also work through involuntary contraction​

Tissue Injury and Repair

* “Substitution of viable cells for dead cells”​

**Regeneration** - make new cell of same type or **Replacement**  - cell of different type used which leads to scarring and loss of tissue function (severe injury)​

* Dependent on tissue type and severity of the injury​
* Symptoms: inflammation, redness, swelling, heat, pain​

Effects of Aging on Tissue

* Cells do not replicate as quickly – takes longer to heal​
* Collagen fibers more irregular in structure -tendons and ligaments begin to stretch​
* Lose elasticity and collagen -skin begins to sag​
* Blood vessel walls loose flexibly – develop atherosclerosis​
* Connective tissue less elastic – easy to break bones

Membranes

* Thin layers of tissue that cover a structure or lines a cavities​
* Composed of epithelial and/or connective tissue​
* Types: mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes

Mucous Membrane

* Wet membranes that line cavities that  open to the outside of the body ​
* Secretes mucus that lubricate surfaces and provide a defensive barrier that traps particles and microbes ​
* Examples: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts​

Serous membrane

* Wet membranes closed to the outside of the body ​
* Located in the ventral cavity​
* Composed of 2 layers that are separated by **serous fluid** which lubricates the membranes ​

    1. **parietal** (lines cavity walls)​

    2. **visceral** (covers the organ) ​

​

      3 serous membranes:​

      1. Pleural​

      2. Pericardial​

      3. Peritoneal ​

Pleural membrane

Serous membrane that surrounds the thoracic cavity and lungs

Pericardial Membrane

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Peritoneal Membrane

Serous membrane that surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity and abdominal organs

Cutaneous Membrane

Dry membranes of epithelial cells (skin).

Synovial Membrane

* Thin connective tissue that line joint cavities and surround bone​
* Line bursae (cushioning sacs near joints)​
* Secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction between bones

Organ

* “A structure made up of 2 or more kinds of tissue organized in such a way that together they can perform a more complex function than any one tissue alone”​

System

* “A group of organs arranged in such a way that together they can perform a more complex function than any one organ alone”​
* Each body system contains specific organs​

Integumentary System

* Largest body organ​
* Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and collects sensory information​
* Skin: dermis, epidermis
* Hair follicles: Produce hair
* Skin Appendages: hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, sensory receptors​

Epidermis

* Part of the skin and integumentary system
* Covers surface and protects underlying tissues

Dermis

* Part of the skin and integumentary system
* Nourishes epidermis, provides strength, contains glands

Hair

* Part of the integumentary system
* Provides sensation, provides some protection for head

Sebaceous Glands

* Part of the integumentary system
* Secrete oil that lubricates hair

Sweat Glands

* Part of the integumentary system
* Produces perspiration for evaporative cooling

Nails

* Part of the integumentary system
* Protect and stiffen tips of fingers and toes

Sensory Receptors

* Part of the integumentary system
* Provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

Skeletal System

* Provides support and body movement​
* Produces blood cells​
* Stores minerals and fat​
* Bones, cartilage, ligaments: Support, protect soft tissue, store minerals
* Axial skeleton: Skull, vertabrae, sacrum, ribs and sternum. Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of chest cavity: supports the body’s weight over the legs
* Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and supporting bones. Provides internal support and positioning of arms and legs; supports and moves axial skeleton.
* Bone Marrow: Primary site of blood cell production

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

* Skeletal System
* Support, protect soft tissue, store minerals

Axial Skeleton

* Skeletal System
* Skull, vertabrae, sacrum, ribs and sternum. Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of chest cavity: supports the body’s weight over the legs

Appendicular Skeleton

* Skeletal System
* Limbs and supporting bones. Provides internal support and positioning of arms and legs; supports and moves axial skeleton.

Bone Marrow

* Primary site of cell production
* Skeletal System

Muscular System

* Provides body movement​
* Maintains posture​
* Produce body heat​
* Muscle Organs​
* Tendons
* Smooth muscles: Found in blood vessels and airways, where it helps control the diameter of passageways. Involuntary muscle.
* Cardiac muscles: Muscle found in the heart. Involuntary muscle
* Skeletal muscle: Responsible for moving the body. Voluntary muscle

Smooth Muscle

* Muscular System
* Found in blood vessels and airways, where it helps control the diameter of passageways. Involuntary muscle.

Cardiac Muscle

* Muscular System
* Found in the heart. Involuntary muscle.

Skeletal Muscle

* Muscular System
* Responsible for moving the body. Voluntary muscle.

Nervous System

* Regulatory system that detects sensations​
* Controls movements (motor), physiological processes, processing and interpreting nerve messages, receiving messages (sensory) and intellectual function​
* Brain​: Performs complex integrative functions, controls voluntary activities
* Spinal cord​: Relays information to and from the brain, controls voluntary activities
* Nerve​ cells: Glial cells and neurons.
* Ganglia: A group of nerve cell bodies.
* Peripheral nervous system: Links CNS with other systems and with sense organs. Includes peripheral nerves.

Brain

* Performs complex integrative functions, controls voluntary activities
* Nervous System

Spinal Cord

* Nervous System
* Relays information to and from the brain, controls voluntary activities

Nerve Cells

* Glial cells and neurons
* Nervous System

Ganglia

* Nervous System
* A group of nerve cell bodies.

Peripheral Nervous System

Links CNS with other systems and with sense organs. Includes peripheral nerves.

Endocrine System

* Release hormones to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function
* Pituitary Gland: Controls other glands, regulates growth and fluid balance
* Thyroid Gland: Controls tissues metabolic rate and regulates calcium levels
* Parathyroid Gland: Regulates calcium levels in addition to the thyroid
* Thymus: Controls white blood cell maturation
* Adrenal Glands: Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity.
* Pancreas: Regulates blood glucose levels.
* Testes: Gonad. Support male sexual characteristics and male reproductive functions.
* Ovaries: Gonad. Support female sexual characteristics and female reproductive functions.

Pituitary Gland

* Endocrine System
* Controls other glands, regulates growth and fluid balance.

Thyroid Gland

* Endocrine System
* Controls tissues metabolic rate and regulates calcium levels.

Parathyroid Gland

* Endocrine System
* Regulates calcium in addition to the thyroid gland.

Thymus

* Endocrine System
* Controls white blood cell maturation.

Adrenal Glands

* Endocrine System
* Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity.

Pancreas

* Regulates blood glucose levels
* Endocrine System

Ovaries

* Endocrine System
* Female Reproductive System
* Supports female sexual characteristics and female reproductive characteristics
* Produce ova and hormones

Testes

* Endocrine System
* Male Reproductive System
* Supports male sexual characteristics and male reproductive characteristics
* Produces sperm and hormones

Cardiovascular System

* Transports substances such as nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones​
* Heart​: Pumps blood, maintains blood pressure
* Blood vessels​: Distributes blood around the body:
* Arteries: Carry blood from heart to capillaries
* Capillaries: Site of exchange from blood and interstitial fluids
* Veins: Return blood from capillaries to heart
* Blood: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients, removes waste products, assists in defense against infection

Heart

* Cardiovascular system
* Pumps blood, maintains blood pressure

Blood Vessels

* Cardiovascular System
* Distributes blood around the body

\-Arteries: Carry blood from heart to capillaries

\-Capillaries: Site of exchange from blood and interstitial fluids

\-Veins: Return blood from capillaries to heart

Arteries

* Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessel
* Carry blood from heart to capillaries

Capillaries

* Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessel
* Site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluids

Veins

* Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessel
* Return blood from capillaries to heart

Blood

* Cardiovascular System
* Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients, removes waste products, assists in defense against infection

Lymphatic and Immune System

* Fights infection and disease​
* Removes damaged cells​
* Maintains tissue fluid balance​
* Absorbs fats from digestive tract​
* Lymph nodes​: Monitor the composition of lymph, stimulate immune response
* Lymphatic vessels​: Carry lymph (water and proteins) from body tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system


* Tonsils​
* Thymus​: Controls development and maintenance of one class of white blood cells (T cells)
* Spleen​: Monitors circulating blood, stimulates immune response

Lymph Nodes

* Lymphatic and Immune system
* Monitor the composition of lymph, stimulate immune response

Lymphatic Vessels

* Lymphatic and Immune System
* Carry lymph (water and proteins) from body tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system

Thymus

* Lymphatic and Immune System
* Controls development and maintenance of one class of white blood cells (T cells)

Spleen

* Lymphatic and Immune System
* Monitors circulating blood, stimulates immune response

Respiratory System

* Transports oxygenated blood to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from tissue​
* Assist in blood  pH regulation​
* Upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx)​
* Nose: Filter, warm, humidify air, detect smells
* Pharynx: Chamber shared with digestive tract, conducts air to larynx
* Larynx: Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
* Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli)​
* Trachea and Bronchi: Filters air, traps particles in mucus, cartilages keep airway open
* Lungs: Include airways and alveoli, volume changes responsible for air movement
* Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange between air and blood

Nose

* Respiratory System - Upper Respiratory Tract
* Filter, warm, humidify air, detect smells

Pharnyx

* Respiratory System - Upper Respiratory Tract
* Digestive System
* Chamber shared with digestive tract, conducts air to larynx
* Passageway connected to esophagus

Larynx

* Respiratory System - Upper Respiratory Tract
* Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords

Trachea and Bronchi

* Respiratory System - Lower Tract
* Filters air, traps particles in mucus, cartilages keep airway open

Lungs

* Respiratory System - Lower Tract
* Include airways and alveoli, volume changes responsible for air movement

Alveoli

* Respiratory System - Lower Tract
* Sites of gas exchange between air and blood

Digestive System

* Mechanical and chemical digestive processes​
* Absorption of nutrients​
* Waste elimination
* Salivary Glands: Provide lubrication, produce buffers and the enzymes that begin digestion
* Pharynx: Passageway connected to esophagus
* Esophagus: Delivers food to stomach
* Stomach: Secretes acids and enzymes
* Small Intestine: Secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients
* Liver: Secretes bile, regulates blood chemistry
* Gallbladder: Stores bile for release into small intestine
* Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers, contains endocrine cells
* Large Intestine: Removes water from fecal material, stores waste

Large Intestine

* Digestive System
* Removes water from fecal material, stores waste

Pancreas

* Digestive System
* Secrets digestive enzymes and buffers, contains endocrine cells

Gallbladder

* Digestive System
* Stores bile for release into small intestine

Liver

* Digestive System
* Secretes bile, regulates blood chemistry

Small Intestine

* Digestive System
* Secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients

Stomach

* Secretes acids and enzymes
* Digestive System

Esophagus

* Digestive System
* Delivers food to stomach

Salivary Glands

* Digestive System
* Provide lubrication, produce buffers and the enzymes that begin digestion

Urinary System

* Removes waste products from filtered blood​
* Maintains blood pH and water balance
* Kidneys: Form and concentrate urine, regulate chemical composition of the blood
* Ureters: Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
* Urinary Bladder: Stores urine for eventual urination
* Urethra: Carries urine to exterior

Kidneys

* Form and concentrate urine, regulate chemical composition of the blood
* Urinary System

Ureters

* Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
* Urinary System