CCMA Body Systems Review

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265 Terms

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Urinary System Purpose

Responsible for filtering blood in order to remove waste products, turning waste into urine, and maintaining the amount of fluids/minerals in our body and homeostasis.

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How many organs in Urinary System - What are they

4 major organs: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

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Location of Kidneys

On either side of vertebral column at the level of the top vertebrae

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Kidney function

responsible for removing wastes from the blood and producing urine

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Nephrons are…

The functional unit of the kidney, filtering units

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Glomerulus function

filters blood as it passes through

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Tubule function

returns needed substances to the blood and removes wastes

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Renal Cortex

Outer layer of kidneys

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Renal Pelvis

Collects urine as it is produced

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Renal capsule

Helps to support kidney mass and protect the vital tissue from injury

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Renal Vessels

Carry blood to and from the kidneys

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Renal Pyramids

Kidney tissues that are shaped like cones

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Renal medulla

innermost part of the kidney

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Minor Calyx

receives urine from the papilla

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Major Calyx

surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid, collects urine from the pyramid

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Ureters

long tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder (about 8-10 inches long)

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Every how many seconds is there urine flowing through the ureters?

10-15 sec

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Urinary Bladder

Small muscular sac located in pelvic cavity, stores urine

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How many often a day should you pee?

every 3-4 hours, never at night

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How much fluid can the bladder hold?

16-20 ounces

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Urethra

tube that carries urine (semen in men too) from the bladder to the outside world.

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why is urethra longer in men?

bc of pelvic shape and prostate position

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length of urethra (M and W)

W: 3-4 cm(1.5 in), M: 20 cm (7-8in)

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Kidney stones

hard mineral and salt deposits that form inside the kidney

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Urinary Tract Infection

Occurs when bacteria (skin or rectum) enters the urethra and infects the urinary tract

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Bladder control problems

due to stress, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, etc

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Cardioascular sys purpose

to supply blood throughout the body, get rid of wastes (CO2) and chemical byproducts.

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Systemic Circulation

oxygen rich blood sent to the body from the heart and lungs

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Pulmonary Circulation

oxygen poor blood sent to the heart, then to the lungs, then back to the heart for dispersal to the rest of the body

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Cardiovascular sys blood flow

deoxygenated blood - inferior/superior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - body

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3 heart layers

Endocardium (innermost), myocardium (muscle), epicardium (outer)

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Pericardium

protective sac around heart, lubricates organ and keeps it from rubbing with others

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SA node

sends signals to make heart beat

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AV node

carries electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles

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left/right bundle branch

sends electrical impulses to left/right ventricle

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Bundle of His

sends impulses from AV node to perkinje fibers

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Perkinje Fibers

Make heart vessels contract to pump blood

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Arteries

carry oxygen rich blood away from heart (smaller: Arterioles)

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Elastic arteries

have more elastic tissue than muscular arteries (ex: aorta and pulmonary arteries)

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Muscular arteries

carry more smooth muscle (ex: femoral, radial, brachial arteries)

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Veins

carry oxygen poor blood to heart (smaller: venules)

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Capillaries

the smallest and most numerous of blood vessels, connect arterioles and venules), exchanges material between blood and tissue

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Plasma

liquid portion of blood (55%)

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WBCs (leukocytes)

protect against illness and diseases

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RBCs (erythrocytes)

deliver oxygen to tissues in the body

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Platelets

small colorless cell fragments that form clots and stop/prevent bleeding (made from bone marrow)

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How many gallons of blood in body?

1.2-1.5

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Most common heart disease in the US, blockage in the coronary artery, leads to ischemia and possible heart attack

  • Cause by genetics, hbp, smoking, obesity

  • Prevented by: not smoking, eating healthy and exercising more

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Arrythmia

abnormal heart rhythms

  • caused by heart attack or scarring from previous one

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Immune System Purpose

helps fight infection in the body, relies on the lymphatic system

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Antigens

Foreign substances within the body

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Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Protein in the body created in response to specific antigens

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Monocytes

Engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies

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B cells

a type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells which create specific antibodies

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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Person develops antibodies against a pathogen, that prevent future infections

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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

results from administering pathogen through a vaccination to stimulate production of antigens

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Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

temporary immunity passed from mother to child via placenta/breast milk

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Artificially acquired passive immunity

temporary immunity passed by giving an exposed person antibodies from a person who had the pathogen

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Lymphatic System Purpose

System of blood vessels/lymph nodes, drains excess fluid and works with immune sys to fight infection

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Lymph nodes

small glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin, which produce and store lymphocytes, filter blood

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Lymph nodules

masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes, NOT encapsulated

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Thymus

gland responsible for production and maturation of t-cells, posterior to sternum, shrinks after adolescence, essential for strong immune system

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T-cells

lymphocyte/wbc that recognizes antigens and attaches to them to attack invading cells

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Interstitial Fluid

tissue fluid found between cells, called lymph, mad up of chemicals, fatty acids, water, neurotransmitters, sugars, and amino acids

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Spleen

largest lymphoid organ, in ULQ, home to macrophages (filter blood/lymph), produces WBCs

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Lymphadema

Swelling of limbs and tissues that are persistent, can result from trauma, infection, and lymph surgeries; treated via surgery/compression socks

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AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

severe stage of HIV, targets wbc and causes ppl to be immuno-compromised

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Lupus

immune sys attacks body and cells, causes inflammation, chest pain, and kidney problems

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Celiac Disease

Consumption of gluten stimulates an auto immune reaction

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Muscular sys def

allows bones and joints to produce movement, via contraction and relaxation. body has over 600 muscles

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muscular sys function

provides stability, movement, heat production, and controll of body’s openings/passages

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Stability

muscles tightly surround bones to hold bones and joints in place

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Heat Production

when muscles contract they release heat, allows normal body temp

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Control of body openings

muscular sys controls sphincters

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Muscle tissue is made from

muscle cells, myocytes

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muscle breakdown

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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Structure of muscle is…

fasicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, and thick/thin filaments

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skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle, responds to acetylcholine and is responsible for movement, posture, and heat

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Smooth muscle

multiunit (in eye/wall of blood vessels) and visceral (peristalsis/ walls of hollow organs)

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Cardiac muscle

connected with intercalculated discs allowing the groups to contract and relax together.

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Myositis

muscles are inflamed, can be used to explain other muscle disorders or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

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Muscular dystrophy

Genetically inherited diseases that affect the muscle mass and cause muscle weakness/degeneration can shorten life span

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Sarcopenia

Muscular atrophy bc of aging, common in inactive/unhealthy people

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Carpal tunnel

when the median nerve in the hand running from the forearm to the palm is pinched and may cause numbness

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parkinson’s

A muscle/neurological disorder  that can cause spasms or uncontrolled movements like shaking, stiffness, and incoordination - chronic

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Fibromyalgia (fibrositis)

causes widespread muscle pain and tenderness; chronic condition that causes fatigue and altered sleep, memory, and mood

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Synergists

responsible for stabilizing joints

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Prime mover

muscle responsible for movement

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Attachment points at the end of the bone

origin and insertion

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Integumentary sys def

body’s outer layer; includes the skin, accessory structures (hair, nails, blood-vessels, and glands)

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Skin

protection, temp reg, excretion, sensation, vit D production

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Epidermis

outermost layer of epithelial tissue, composed of stratified squamous epithelium

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Dermis

thick layer beneath dermis

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Subcutaneous layer

connective tissue

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Hair follicles

generates hair

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Sebaceous glands

produce sebum

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fingernail/toenails

protect ends of fingers/toes

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Sudoriferous glands

produce sweat

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Cellulitis

swollen, hot to touch, red skin