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Urinary System Purpose
Responsible for filtering blood in order to remove waste products, turning waste into urine, and maintaining the amount of fluids/minerals in our body and homeostasis.
How many organs in Urinary System - What are they
4 major organs: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Location of Kidneys
On either side of vertebral column at the level of the top vertebrae
Kidney function
responsible for removing wastes from the blood and producing urine
Nephrons are…
The functional unit of the kidney, filtering units
Glomerulus function
filters blood as it passes through
Tubule function
returns needed substances to the blood and removes wastes
Renal Cortex
Outer layer of kidneys
Renal Pelvis
Collects urine as it is produced
Renal capsule
Helps to support kidney mass and protect the vital tissue from injury
Renal Vessels
Carry blood to and from the kidneys
Renal Pyramids
Kidney tissues that are shaped like cones
Renal medulla
innermost part of the kidney
Minor Calyx
receives urine from the papilla
Major Calyx
surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid, collects urine from the pyramid
Ureters
long tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder (about 8-10 inches long)
Every how many seconds is there urine flowing through the ureters?
10-15 sec
Urinary Bladder
Small muscular sac located in pelvic cavity, stores urine
How many often a day should you pee?
every 3-4 hours, never at night
How much fluid can the bladder hold?
16-20 ounces
Urethra
tube that carries urine (semen in men too) from the bladder to the outside world.
why is urethra longer in men?
bc of pelvic shape and prostate position
length of urethra (M and W)
W: 3-4 cm(1.5 in), M: 20 cm (7-8in)
Kidney stones
hard mineral and salt deposits that form inside the kidney
Urinary Tract Infection
Occurs when bacteria (skin or rectum) enters the urethra and infects the urinary tract
Bladder control problems
due to stress, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, etc
Cardioascular sys purpose
to supply blood throughout the body, get rid of wastes (CO2) and chemical byproducts.
Systemic Circulation
oxygen rich blood sent to the body from the heart and lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
oxygen poor blood sent to the heart, then to the lungs, then back to the heart for dispersal to the rest of the body
Cardiovascular sys blood flow
deoxygenated blood - inferior/superior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - body
3 heart layers
Endocardium (innermost), myocardium (muscle), epicardium (outer)
Pericardium
protective sac around heart, lubricates organ and keeps it from rubbing with others
SA node
sends signals to make heart beat
AV node
carries electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
left/right bundle branch
sends electrical impulses to left/right ventricle
Bundle of His
sends impulses from AV node to perkinje fibers
Perkinje Fibers
Make heart vessels contract to pump blood
Arteries
carry oxygen rich blood away from heart (smaller: Arterioles)
Elastic arteries
have more elastic tissue than muscular arteries (ex: aorta and pulmonary arteries)
Muscular arteries
carry more smooth muscle (ex: femoral, radial, brachial arteries)
Veins
carry oxygen poor blood to heart (smaller: venules)
Capillaries
the smallest and most numerous of blood vessels, connect arterioles and venules), exchanges material between blood and tissue
Plasma
liquid portion of blood (55%)
WBCs (leukocytes)
protect against illness and diseases
RBCs (erythrocytes)
deliver oxygen to tissues in the body
Platelets
small colorless cell fragments that form clots and stop/prevent bleeding (made from bone marrow)
How many gallons of blood in body?
1.2-1.5
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Most common heart disease in the US, blockage in the coronary artery, leads to ischemia and possible heart attack
Cause by genetics, hbp, smoking, obesity
Prevented by: not smoking, eating healthy and exercising more
Arrythmia
abnormal heart rhythms
caused by heart attack or scarring from previous one
Immune System Purpose
helps fight infection in the body, relies on the lymphatic system
Antigens
Foreign substances within the body
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Protein in the body created in response to specific antigens
Monocytes
Engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
B cells
a type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells which create specific antibodies
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Person develops antibodies against a pathogen, that prevent future infections
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
results from administering pathogen through a vaccination to stimulate production of antigens
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
temporary immunity passed from mother to child via placenta/breast milk
Artificially acquired passive immunity
temporary immunity passed by giving an exposed person antibodies from a person who had the pathogen
Lymphatic System Purpose
System of blood vessels/lymph nodes, drains excess fluid and works with immune sys to fight infection
Lymph nodes
small glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin, which produce and store lymphocytes, filter blood
Lymph nodules
masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes, NOT encapsulated
Thymus
gland responsible for production and maturation of t-cells, posterior to sternum, shrinks after adolescence, essential for strong immune system
T-cells
lymphocyte/wbc that recognizes antigens and attaches to them to attack invading cells
Interstitial Fluid
tissue fluid found between cells, called lymph, mad up of chemicals, fatty acids, water, neurotransmitters, sugars, and amino acids
Spleen
largest lymphoid organ, in ULQ, home to macrophages (filter blood/lymph), produces WBCs
Lymphadema
Swelling of limbs and tissues that are persistent, can result from trauma, infection, and lymph surgeries; treated via surgery/compression socks
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
severe stage of HIV, targets wbc and causes ppl to be immuno-compromised
Lupus
immune sys attacks body and cells, causes inflammation, chest pain, and kidney problems
Celiac Disease
Consumption of gluten stimulates an auto immune reaction
Muscular sys def
allows bones and joints to produce movement, via contraction and relaxation. body has over 600 muscles
muscular sys function
provides stability, movement, heat production, and controll of body’s openings/passages
Stability
muscles tightly surround bones to hold bones and joints in place
Heat Production
when muscles contract they release heat, allows normal body temp
Control of body openings
muscular sys controls sphincters
Muscle tissue is made from
muscle cells, myocytes
muscle breakdown
epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
Structure of muscle is…
fasicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, and thick/thin filaments
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle, responds to acetylcholine and is responsible for movement, posture, and heat
Smooth muscle
multiunit (in eye/wall of blood vessels) and visceral (peristalsis/ walls of hollow organs)
Cardiac muscle
connected with intercalculated discs allowing the groups to contract and relax together.
Myositis
muscles are inflamed, can be used to explain other muscle disorders or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Muscular dystrophy
Genetically inherited diseases that affect the muscle mass and cause muscle weakness/degeneration can shorten life span
Sarcopenia
Muscular atrophy bc of aging, common in inactive/unhealthy people
Carpal tunnel
when the median nerve in the hand running from the forearm to the palm is pinched and may cause numbness
parkinson’s
A muscle/neurological disorder that can cause spasms or uncontrolled movements like shaking, stiffness, and incoordination - chronic
Fibromyalgia (fibrositis)
causes widespread muscle pain and tenderness; chronic condition that causes fatigue and altered sleep, memory, and mood
Synergists
responsible for stabilizing joints
Prime mover
muscle responsible for movement
Attachment points at the end of the bone
origin and insertion
Integumentary sys def
body’s outer layer; includes the skin, accessory structures (hair, nails, blood-vessels, and glands)
Skin
protection, temp reg, excretion, sensation, vit D production
Epidermis
outermost layer of epithelial tissue, composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis
thick layer beneath dermis
Subcutaneous layer
connective tissue
Hair follicles
generates hair
Sebaceous glands
produce sebum
fingernail/toenails
protect ends of fingers/toes
Sudoriferous glands
produce sweat
Cellulitis
swollen, hot to touch, red skin