syabn exam 2

exposure or response to traumatic or stressful event

trauma/stress disorder definition

dissociate of different facets from eo (self, memories, consciousness)

PTSD definition

Recurring event (intrusive thoughts, flashbacks)

Avoidance (situations, thoughts, memories associated)

Negative Changes (mood or thought; not remember, blame self, “survivor guilt”, distress/numb/withdrawn)

Hypervigilance or arousal (on guard, sensitive)

PTSD symptoms \[RANH\]

Cognitive Behavioral and Stress management \[Exposure, Cognitive processing, stress inoculation)

Biological Therapies (SSRIs, Benzodiazepines)

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Treatment for PTSD \[CecS, B\]

Ataque de Nervios: trembling, heart palpitations, heat in chest to head, memory loss, needle sensations in body, tight chest, breatheing, dizzy, faint, spell

Nervios: general ataque de nervios; physical ailments, emotional symptoms, intrusive thoughts

Culture and PTSD

neuroimaging: active amygdala, shrinkage of hippocampus

biochemical: low resting level of cortisol, exaggerated physiological response, overexposure to toxins and stress

PTSD biological factor

consequence of stressors and response to trauma; short term (max. 1 month)

Acute Stress Disorder Definition

presence of emotional or behavioral symptoms within 3 months thar isnt PTSD, acute stress, anxiety ro mood disorders

Adjustment disorder

out of proportion distress, impairment of functioning, does not reach for 6 months

Adjustment Disorder symptoms

excessive and persistent fear and anxiety

anxiety disorder definition

Behavioral: classical and operant conditioning, confront, avoid=negative reinforcement, evolution, rapid conditioning

Biological: genes (1st degree) for situational and animal phobias

Theories for Phobias \[B2\]

behavioral: cognitive, systematic desensitization, modeling, flooding, tension technique

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biological: benzodiazepines

Treatment for phobia

unreasonable, excessive, or irrational fear that interferes with capacity to function

phobia definition

Animal, Natural Environment, Blood-Injection-Injury, Situational, Others

5 specified Phobias \[ANBSO\]

6 Types of Phobias \[CA3T2\]

Coulrophobia, Agyiophobia, Arachnophobia, Trypanophobia, Triskaidekaphobia, Astraphobia

psychodynamic theory definition of phobia

ego defense against repressed wish

behavioral theory definition of phobia

experience traumatic event > panic attack

cognitive theory definition of phobia

vicarious (witness), warned repeatedly, prepared learning

see someone experience traumatic event

vicarious

prepared learning

prepared for learning over the course of evolution for survival

social anxiety disorder definition

fearful of social interaction and situations involving scrutiny

scrutiny

meet unfamiliar people, perform in front, being observed

cognitive ideation of Social Anxiety Disorder

negatively evaluated by others, embarrassed, humiliated, rejected, or offending others

Panic Attack definition

surge of fear or discomfort within minutes along with physical or cognitive symptoms

panic disorder definition

recurrent unexpected panic attacks of at least 1 month

persistent concern about having another episode, changes in behavior

results of panic disorder

Biological: heritable, poor neurotransmitters, dysregulation, progesterone and serotonin

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Cognitive: interoceptive awareness, misinterpret, catastrophize, anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive conditioning, biased, controllability

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Integrated Model: biological vulnerability, sensitive fight or flight, catastrophize, conditioned avoidance response, agoraphobia

Panic Disorder Theories \[BCI\]

dysfunction of norepinephrine systems in brain stem

biological theory of panic disorder

panic disorder; where dysfunction of norepinephrine happen

locus ceruleus

biological theory of panic disorder; progesterone levels

during premenstrual cycle or postpartum

results of fluctuating progesterone levels in Panic Disorder’s biological theory

imbalance of serotonin and GABA > susceptibility and hyperventilation

cognitive theory of Panic disorder; anxiety sensitivity

belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequence

cognitive theory of Panic disorder; bodily cues signaling a panic attack

interoceptive awareness

cognitive theory of Panic disorder; bodily cues as a conditioned stimuli to signal panic attacks

interoceptive conditioning

Biological: medication (SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressant), Benzodiazepines

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CBT: confront, challenge, change, extinguish behaviors and beliefs, relax, diaries

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Systematic Desensitization: expose gradually to maintain control

Treatments of Panic Disorder \[BCbS\]

Agoraphobia

fear of the marketplace

Agoraphobia definition

fear of public transport, open and enclosed space, crowds, outside alone where escape is difficult

Generalized Anxiety Disorder definition

persistent, excessive, unrealistic yet uncontrollable worry about a number of things

3 factors of GAD \[BPS\]

Biological: neurobiological (heightened amygdala), genetic influence, physical condition (diabetes), substance use

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Psychological: losing control, detection and anticipate threats, expect worst

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Sociocultural: gender, family, life experience

2 Theories of GAD \[BP\]

biological: genetics, deficiency of GABA > firing of neurons in limbic system

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Psychological: uncontrollable stressor, interpersonal trauma, constant anxiety to avoid bad events

4 treatment for GAD \[DPEO\]

Drug treatment: benzodiazepine, tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, SSRI, venlafaxine, buspirone

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Psychotherapy: confront catastrophized thoughts, coping strategies, psychoeducation, challenge, gradual exposure

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emotional Regulation Therapy: awareness and regulation

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Other Psychotherapies: mindful-based, acceptance and commitment

obsessions

recurrent, persistent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, images, urges

compulsions

rituals, repetitive behavior or mental acts relating to obsessions or rigid and stereotyped rules

common type of obsession (ASR)

aggression, sexuality, religion

common themes of obsession (CSFH)

cleaning, symmetry, forbidden or taboo (ASR), harm

common themes of compulsion (CSFR)

cleaning, symmetry, forbidden or taboo, harm

symmetry in OCD

repeating, ordering, counting

role of compulsion in OCD

(repetitive or stereotyped) behaviors to ignore, neutralize, or suppressing obsessions

theories of OCD (BCP)

biological: brain circuit of control dysfunction

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CBT: inability to turn off negative, intrusive thoughts

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Psychodynamic: defense against unacceptable

OCD

intrusive thoughts, urges, or repetitive behaviors to dispel obsessions

OCPD

maladaptive personality patterns of excessive perfectionism and rigid control

maladaptive personality patterns

enduring, pervasive (unwelcome effect), stop adapting to new circumstances

formerly “dysmorphophobia”

“body dysmorphic disorder”

preoccupied with out of touch perceived defects or flaws in own appearance (unattractive-monster)

body dysmorphic disorder definition

result of BDD

repetitive excessive behaviors in response to appearance (mirror checking, grooming, comparing, change body part)

not diagnosed as BDD

weight and shape of body

Hoarding Disorder

difficulty discarding with possessions regardless its value in order to “save” them hence clutter or hazards

“trichotillomania”

hair pulling disorder

“excoriation”

skin picking disorder

result of trichotillomania

automatic hairpulling creating hair loss

result of excoriation

automatic picking at scabs or skin creates infected or scars of lesion

theories of OCD and related disorders \[BCb\]

Biological: motor, cognition, emotion, different brain activity with stimuli, circuit dysfunction

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CBT: inability to turn off negative thoughts, operant conditioning of negative reinforcement, unrealistic beliefs, biased > overevaluation

treatment of OCD and related disorders \[BCb\]

Biological: antidepressant (serotonin), atypical antipsychotic, SSRI, clomipramine, anafranil, prozac, paxil, zoloft, luvox

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CBT: exposure, response prevention, confrontation homework. challenge beliefs, habit reversal

Somatic symptoms Disorder definition

expressed as multiple somatic or physiological symptoms

specific or nonspecific

medically unexplained hence characterized by patient

more than 6 months

SSRD’s medically unexplained

unresolved or painful emotions or memories

Etiology SSRD \[BELS\]

biological, early traumatic experience, learning (reinforcement for non-somatic), stigma for social norms

illness anxiety disorder definition

no to mild somatic symptoms, anxiety for health status, excessive or avoid health-related behaviors

Hoarding; excessive acquisition

difficulty discarding with repetitive collecting of items that are not needed

Hoarding; good or fair insight

recognized hoarding disorders are problematic

Hoarding; poor insight

hoarding is mostly convinced that it’s not problematic

Hoarding; absent insight or delusional beliefs

completely convinced that hoarding beliefs are not problematic

“hypochondriasis”

“illness anxiety disorder”

2 specifications of Illness Anxiety Disorder

care-seeking and care-avoidant

2 theories of SSRD and Illness Anxiety Disorder

Cognitive: misinterpret, PTSD, early traumatic experience

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Biological: anxiety, depression, high alcoholism and antisocial personality, neglect

7 treatments of SSRD and Illness Anxiety Disorder \[PBCA2IB\]

Psychodynamic (recall events and connect emotions and physical)

Behavioral (eliminate reinforcement and increase positive rewards)

Cognitive therapy: interpret symptoms, avoid catastrophize

Acceptance and Commitment

Antidepressant

Internet delivered CBT

Belief systems and cultural traditions

conversion disorder definition

losing neurological functioning in body parts

altered voluntary motor or sensory function not explained by medical condition

also known as the dramatic SSRD

Conversion Disorder

2 theories for Conversion Disorder \[FB\]

Freud: primary gain (reduce anxiety), secondary gain (concern from others, relieved from obligations)

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Behavioral: alleviate distress, remove from stressful environment and unwanted responsibilities

factitious disorder definition

falsify symptoms associated with identified deception to gain medical attention

Difference of Malingering from Factitious

avoid unwanted situation or to benefit self

“factitious disorder”

“munchausen syndrome”

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another definition

falsifies another

“Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another”

“Factitious Disorder by Proxy”

Dissociative Disorder definition

\[CMIEPBS\]

disrupt/discontinue integrating consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, sensorimotor function

Dissociative Symptoms

intrusion to awareness and behavior, inability to access or control mental functions, aftermath of trauma, psychogenic

depersonalization

experience unreality or detachment from mind, self, body

derealization

experience unreality from surroundings

dissociative disorder; hidden observer phenomenon

Ernest Hilgard

hidden observer phenomenon by Hilgard

active mode and passive receptive mode

DissociativeD by Hilgard;

active mode to consciousness

conscious plans, desires, and voluntary actions

DissociativeD by Hilgard;

passive receptive mode

register and stores information without being aware of its process

amnesia for a period of time and is aware that they can’t remember important facts of their lives and identities

Dissociative Amnesia

organic cause

brain injury (disease, drugs, accidents, surgery)

organic amneisa

forget everything about past (personal and general) but retain identity memories

psychogenic amnesia

absence of brain injury that rarely involved anterograde amnesia

psychogenic cause

long term, forgets identity and personal information but retains general information

anterograde amnesia

inability to remember new information

retrograde amnesia

inability to remember information from past, usually generalized information

Karsakoff’s Syndrome

severely abused alcohol > global Retrograde amnesia

Dissociative fugue

subtype of Dissociative Amnesia, travels to new place with new identity with no memory of past but may suddenly return to previous identity