Reproduction

all non-animals reproduce via \_____

asexual reproduction

asexual reproduction means all offspring are \_____ to the parent

genetically identical

what are some common examples of asexual reproduction?

binary fission; budding; regeneration; parthenogenesis

list the steps of binary fission

DNA replication --\> DNA migration to opposite cell poles --\> septum formation --\> septum splitting

the \_____ creates a dividing wall during binary fission

septum

where does binary fission occur?

in prokaryotes and some organelles within eukaryotes (mitochondria and chloroplasts)

list the steps of budding

outgrowth on original organism --\> DNA replication --\> replicated DNA deposition into the bud --\> bud/organism separation

what is an example of a eukaryotic organism that uses budding?

yeast (fungus)

what is the result of regeneration (fragmentation)?

a part of an organism breaks off to create two new organisms that are half old and half new

what are some examples of organisms that use regeneration (fragmentation)?

hydra and planaria flatworms

\_____ occurs when an unfertilized egg develops into a viable organism

parthenogenesis

organisms that display parthenogenesis (asexual) can usually perform asexual or sexual reproduction - when do they use sexual?

when environmental conditions are unideal and cannot sustain large populations

what is an example of a haplodiploid organism?

bees

\_____ means that sex determination is based on whether the organism is haploid or diploid at that time

haplodiploid

bee offspring that arise from unfertilized eggs (parthenogenesis) are \_____ (haploid/diploid) male drones

haploid

bee offspring that arise from fertilized eggs (sexual) are \_____ (haploid/diploid) females

diploid

humans engage in sexual reproduction, meaning offspring are created when two \_____ join

haploid gametes

\_____ produce gametes

germ cells

\_____ are the only cells that can undergo mitosis and meiosis

germ cells

\_____ are male germ cells

spermatogonia

\_____ are female germ cells

oogonia

spermatogonium are replicated by \_____ in the \_____ of the testicle

mitosis; seminiferous tubules

spermatogonium are the primordial (earliest) \_____ cells

sperm

\_____ is the process of converting 1 diploid spermatocyte into 4 haploid sperms inside the \_____ of the testicles

spermatogenesis; seminiferous tubules

diploid spermatogonia differentiate into diploid \_____ to initiate spermatogenesis

primary spermatocytes

diploid primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division to produce two haploid cells called \_____

secondary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes (haploid) undergo the second meiotic division to produce four \_____

haploid spermatids

spermatids differentiate into \_____

haploid sperm

sperm combine with various fluids to form \_____

semen

what are the three main parts of a sperm cell?

head; midpiece; tail

which portion of the sperm contains the nucleus?

head

the head of the sperm contains an organelle called the \_____, which contains digestive enzymes for egg cell penetration

acrosome

the \_____ of sperm cell contains many mitochondria

midpiece

what is the function of the mitochondria in the sperm midpiece?

produce ATP to power flagellar motion in the sperm tail

the tail of a sperm cell is a \_____, which moves in a whip-like motion in order to\_____

flagellum; propel the sperm forward/provide mobility

which protein building block makes up sperm cell's flagella?

microtubules

microtubules are composed of the protein \_____

tubulin

flagellar microtubules emanate from \_____

basal bodies

\_____ are the male reproductive gland

testes

sperm production, known as \_____, occurs in the \_____ of the testes

spermatogenesis; seminiferous tubules

what are the types of cells present in the seminiferous tubules?

Sertoli cells; spermatogonium, primary & secondary spermatocytes; spermatids; sperm

spermatogenesis ends with \_____ (cell type)

spermatozoa (sperm)

\_____ surround and nourish sperm cells that are developing through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells

which hormone activates Sertoli cells, and what are its properties?

FSH; peptide hormone secreted by anterior pituitary

Sertoli cells secrete the \_____ hormone inhibin

peptide

what is function of inhibin (from Sertoli cells), and how does it perform its function?

inhibits the further release of FSH (peptide hormone) by acting on the anterior pituitary

do the sperm fully mature in the seminiferous tubules?

no; they mature in the epididymis

describe the structure and location of the epididymis

a duct that sits around the testes

the \_____ is the site of sperm storage before ejaculation (where sperm mature)

epididymis

the \_____ is a group of tubules that move sperm from the epididymis to ejaculatory ducts

vas deferens

what are the wave-like muscular contractions that are responsible for moving sperm through the male reproductive system?

peristalsis

the \_____ receives secretions from vas deferens and seminal vesicles

ejaculatory duct

ejaculatory ducts propel the sperm into the \_____, which leads to ejaculation of the sperm out of the penis as \_____

urethra; semen

what is the pathway of sperm movement?

Seminiferous tubules --\> Epididymis --\> Vas deferens --\> Ejaculatory duct --\> Urethra --\> Penis
Mnemonic

\_____ is a combination of sperm and secretions from accessory glands

semen

what are three accessory glands that contribute secretions to sperm?

seminal vesicles; prostate gland; bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicles produce secretions containing \_____ sugars

fructose

fructose from the seminal vesicles acts to provide sperm with nutrients to produce \_____ for motility

ATP

seminal vesicles secrete viscous mucus, which cleans/lubricates the \_____

urethra

\_____ secrete prostaglandins to stimulate contraction of the urethra

seminal vesicles

the \_____ makes semen more alkaline

prostate gland

what is the purpose of the prostate gland making semen alkaline?

so sperm can survive the acidity of the female reproductive tract

bulbourethral glands are similar to seminal vesicles because they also secrete \_____

viscous mucus
(bulbourethral glands are also called Cowper's glands)

what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do in males?

stimulates sperm to develop in the seminiferous tubules
(FSH comes from the anterior pituitary)

what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in males?

stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone
(LH comes from the anterior pituitary)

Leydig cells are interstitial cells next to the \_____

seminiferous tubules

which hormone stimulates Leydig cells, and what are its properties/function?

LH; peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

testosterone is a male \_____ hormone

gonadal steroid

testosterone functions in \_____ to mature the sperm

spermatogenesis

\_____ is responsible for contributing to male secondary sex characteristics

testosterone

the ovaries are responsible for the production of \_____

ovums (eggs)

females have \_____ ovaries

two

ovums (eggs) travel through the \_____ after they are released from an ovary

oviduct (fallopian tube)

females have \_____ oviducts (fallopian tubes)

two

oviducts (fallopian tubes) connect the ovaries and the \_____

uterus

the uterus is a muscular organ ideal for \_____

embryo implantation

what are the three layers of the uterus?

perimetrium (outer layer); myometrium (smooth muscle, middle layer); endometrium (inner epithelial layer, lined by mucous membranes)

the \_____ connects the uterus and the vagina

cervix

the vagina acts as the opening between the \_____ and \_____

uterus; external environment

where do sperm first enter a female body?

the vagina

where does parturition (giving birth) occur?

the vagina

\_____ are primordial egg cells that are replicated by \_____ in the ovaries

oogonia; mitosis

oogonia differentiate to produce \_____

primary oocytes

\_____ begin meiosis I in oogenesis, but they will not complete meiosis I until puberty

primary oocytes

primary oocytes begin \_____ in oogenesis, but they will not complete it until \_____

meiosis I; puberty

when a female hits puberty, one of her \_____ (arrested at meiosis I) will go through ovulation each \_____

primary oocytes; month

ovulation occurs when a primary oocyte completes meiosis I to create which two things?

a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body

ovulation is the \_____ division of female oogenesis, so the primary oocyte becomes \_____

reductional; haploid

the secondary oocyte produced by ovulation will arrest at \_____

metaphase II

secondary oocytes only complete meiosis II if \_____ occurs

fertilization

can polar bodies contribute to a viable offspring?

no, only the secondary oocyte can

what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do in females?

follicle development in the ovary --\> estrogen production from the follicle


(FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary)

what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in females?

surges to trigger ovulation --\> corpus luteum left after secondary oocyte released from follicle --\> corpus luteum makes estrogen & progesterone


(LH is secreted from the anterior pituitary)

\_____ and \_____ are the female sex hormones

estrogen; progesterone

female sex hormones contribute to the \_____ and \_____

menstrual cycle; reproduction

female sex hormones cause development of \_____

secondary sex characteristics

estrogen & progesterone provide negative feedback on the \_____ & \_____

hypothalamus; pituitary

what begins the next menstrual cycle?

a decrease in the amount of estrogen and progesterone from the previous cycle

how does a decrease in estrogen and progesterone allow the next menstrual cycle to start?

the endometrial lining can no longer be maintained, and the hypothalamic/pituitary inhibition is lost

the hypothalamus produces \_____, a tropic peptide hormone that acts on the anterior pituitary

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)